Chp. 9-12 231 exam 3

body growth in middle childhood

more variations in body size, still grow about 2-3 inches and 5-8 pounds per year, lots of gains in muscle mass

secular growth trend

new generations are taller/bigger than old generations, occuring in industrialized nations, due to better nutrition (cmon now) and modern medicine

flexibility in middle childhood

peak period of flexibility as ligaments are not yet fully attached to bones

motor development in middle childhood

really big variations in handwriting, overall differences come from differences in how child spend free time ( sports vs drawing), motor skills are practiced in play (sports, board games etc)

rough and tumble play

learn how to control bodies

PE at school

for some kids this may be the only physical activity they get so it is crucial for them, many kids dont get nearly enough physical activity

common health problems middle childhood

higher rates of vision problems as more time spent indoors looking at objects close to them ( ex. screens), lots of asthma, childhood obesity

Piaget Stage 3

concrete operational stage (7-11 years)

concrete operational stage

children begin to think logically about concrete real world situations, but still struggle with abstract or hypothetical ideas, thoughts become more thoughtful,logical, and organized, develop decentration, reversibility, and advances in spatial reasoning skills

information processing in middle childhood

gains in speed and capacity, better ability for selective attention, understand benefits of rehearsal for memory retrieval

memory strategy use

4 step process: 1. Production deficiency: no strategies to remember info (preschool years)

2. Control deficiency: understand strategies for remembering info, but struggle to execute these strategies (middle childhood)

3. Utilization deficiency: using memory strategies but not seeing gains in memory, may have to alter strategies

4. Effective strategy use

Garnder's Multiple Intelligence theory

argued that there are many different types of intelligence, and that some of these types may not be displayed in school

Language development in middle childhood

-demonstrate metalinguistic awareness- understand complexities of language

-big gains in vocab and grammar understanding

-better improvements in pragmatics and adapting to different listeners

-ability to tell a story gets better and more detailed

bilingualism

children may be exposed to 2nd language classes at school, speaking two languages leads to more complex brain

- when children learn two languages at same time, language gains in each language are slightly slower compared to children learning only one, but losses even off quickly and it is great for children's brains to learn two languages

school transitions

transition to 1st grade can be very challenging for some kids, as there are more expectations and work, relationships with teachers are crucial

industry vs inferiority

school age children: ability to handle tasks on your own, combination of adult expectations and a child's drives sets this conflict

industry

sense of competency in useful skills, adult expectations set these "usefull skills", develop sense of competency to carry out tasks, competency leads to feeling of industry, which leads to positive and realistic self-concept, pride, and understanding of moral responsibility

inferiority

child does not develop competency in tasks or is overwhelmed with expectations from parents, leads to pessimism and lack of motivations

self-concept and esteem in middle childhood

lots of changes in middle childhood, self-concept refined through school and seeing other's perspectives on one's self, children compare to others helping them get better sense of their strengths and weaknesses, reflect on experiences, emphasize their own competence in activities,

self-esteem in middle childhood

influenced by others now as kids lose egocentrism, by age 6-7, self-esteem has 4 characteristics: physical/athletic, academic, social competence, physical appearance (physical appearance is biggest factor here)

esteem and school transitions

children see rises and falls of esteem with school transitions, see a drop when they start school, and rise as they get older and more comfortable in that school, transitions cause drops

influences on self-esteem

parenting styles

-authoritative: positive esteem

-controlling parent: negative esteem

outcome attribution styles

is behavior attributed to luck, ability, or effort?

-mastery orientation: children believe accomplishments are based on effort and hard work

-learned helplessness: fixed mindset of ability, believe that effort won't change results and only luck matters

-parents should emphasize child's efforts and not just results to build a mastery orientation

influence of peers in middle childhood

loss of egocentrism allows children to understand others' views on them, physical aggression declines from early childhood, friendships form based on proximity and shared interest, peer groups influence structure of values and behaviors

prosocial behavior

behaviors that are well-liked by others

antisocial behavior

behavior that is seen as rule-breaking by adults

popular prosocial kids

behave in positive ways, get lots of acceptance from others

popular anti-social kids

popular even though they behave in negative ways

rejected aggressive

rejected from peers, seen as mean or bullies, aggresions towards other kids, high rates of conflict and incomplusivity, low rates of emotional regulation skills

rejected withdrawn

passive or socially awkward, fearful of taking the risks of making friends, often victims of rejected aggresive kids

controversial kids

liked by some, rejected by others, may have very unique interests, can be hostile and/or prosocial

neglected kids

with time often find a good group, may lack social skills

sibling differentiation theory

siblings purposefully trying to differ from each other

only children

can have strong relationships and great social skills compared to kids with siblings, but extra important for them to get positive social interactions with others

-tend to have better language outcomes as more time spent talking to adults, also better educational outcomes for same reason

same-sex parented families

more likely to adopt, but most still have biological children through donors etc., committed to parenting as having children is more intentional, children have similar outcomes compared to normal parents

single-parent families

1/3 of children in america live in single parent homes, 90% of single parents are moms, negative outcomes linked to loss of resources and money, if no money loss, no negative outcomes on average

divorced/blended families

immediate consequences come from loss of income, high rates of parent conflict, and divorced moms are often forced to relocate

co-custody parents

cause more stress for kids actually than just single custody

cohabiting families

never been married, more conflicts and adjustment issues seen in kids, more folks coming and going in their life equals more stressful transitions, dont see these negative ouctomes when parents relationship is stable

adolescent moodiness

lots of people blame hormones for this, and while they play some affect, most comes from lack of sleep during adolescence

delayed phase preference

melatonin isn't released until later in night for adolescents, causing them to stay up later and potentially not get enough sleep

primary sex characteristics

develop in puberty, internal changes that one cant see like growth of uterine wall and sperm development

secondary sex characteristics

physical changes in puberty that are visible like body hair growth

menarche

first menstrual cycle

spermarche

first ejaculation

timing of puberty

big variations for people, lifestyle choices have a big impact, overweight children tend to experience puberty sooner, and calorie restriction can delay puberty

psychological impact of puberty

individual reactions to puberty vary based on how aware and prepared they are for puberty, more prepared equals better response to changes

parent-child relationships in adolescent

more moddy/tired kids can have more conflicts with parents, greater push for autonomy can also lead to extra conflicts

timing of puberty and responses

children who experience early puberty get a lot of attention from peers, early maturing boys get positive attention from adults, early maturing girls are more likely to be teased and hav negative views of their bodies, late bloomers may lack attention and seek it out, late maturing girls tend to be more athletic

health issues during puberty

sleep deprivation is common, teenagers need more calories than ever before and nutrition is crucial, obesity is very prevalent due to poor nutrition

sexual activity emergence

sexual activity emerges earlier when kids have sexually active friends, use drugs and alcohol, come from big families where there may be less supervision, divorced families, and less religious children

formal operational stage

piaget stage 4, ages 11-adulthood, based on educational experiences and people without formal education may never get to this stage

-abstract thought and scientific thought emerges (testing hypotheses)

-propositional thought emerges (ability to judge the logic behind a thought or situation)

changes in teenage thought processes

egocentrism comes back in form, lots of self-focused/self-conscious thought, imaginary audience (believe everyone is paying attention to them), personal fable (belief that you are unique and no on ecan understand you, and get better at planning, but often their actions don't align with said plans

moral reasoning in teenagers

children based morals strictly on what they knew to be right or wrong, but teenagers moral reasoning is more complex and is influenced by others and the reasoning behind an immoral action

Identity vs role confusion

erikson stage 5, teenage years, in order to find identity you need success in prior stages, lots of aspects make up identity (social, sexual, occupational etc.)

-not always a linear path, can see ups and downs and changes

-limited opportunities to explore world or lack of trust in world may bring upon role confusion as well as societal limitations

identity formation

not a linear path, 4 statuses

1. Identity achievement- commitment after exploration, brings most satisfaction

2. Identity Moratorium- lots of exploration but no commitment, exploring too much

3. Identity foreclosure- making a commitment without prior exploration

4. Identity diffusion- apathy, no exploration, no idea whats next for you

friendships in adolescent

intimacy becomes biggest factor in choosing and maintaining friendships, more common in female friendships than male

clique

close-knit group of 3-6 friends, lots of shared experiences and support within the group

crowd

larger group of friends, based on image and reputation, cliques tend to form within crowds

adolescent troubles

depression, suicide, and delinquency are commonly seen, about 94% of teenagers engage in some delinquency or anti-social/illegal act

senescence

biological aging process, begins at early adulthood, cellular changes taking place that are only visible at microscopic level, organs and tissues start to move less efficiently and have less flexibility

wear and tear theory of aging

not too accurate, but makes sense for super active people

cross-linking theory of aging

fibers and tissues stiffen over time, leads to decreased lung capacity, this process is slowed down by sustained exercise

reduce capacity for cellular division

cells can only divide about 50 dies, telomeres shorten causing the cells to die

heart aging

blood pressure gradually increases over time, important to have consistent medical check-ups to catch any problems early-on

motor performance changes in early adulthood

motor skills slightly declines over time, usually peaks between ages 20-35 and then starts to slightly decline

immune system early adulthood

takes a hit as more stress accumulates during adulthood

reproductive capacity

as females get older, their egg supply decreases gradually making it harder to get pregnant, but older women who do get pregnant have same amount of healthy babies as younger women, men don't see drastic drop-offs in reproductive capacity

Perry's Cognitive theory

believed in epistemic cognition- the process of how people make decisions

-believed decision making was impacted by moral beliefs

-less-polarization of thoughts, more-understanding that there is a gray-area to decision making

Labouvie-Vief's theory

believed that people experience changes in pragmatic thought- using logic as tool to solve problems

-understand compromises

-cognitive-affective complexity-understand how emotions drive decisions

erikson stage 6

intimacy vs. isolation (early adulthood)

Levinson's seasons of life theory

how relationships change of time, goal is to build life-structure

-life structure: underlying design to one's life, consists of relationships

-found that there is about a 10 year cycle of relationships

-social clock expectations: age graded expectations for major life-events, these expectations can influence how people feel

changing nature of friendships in early adulthood

closer and more time spent with same-sex friends than opposite sex friends

sibling relationships early adulthood

see temporary distancing in early adulthood, but then however close the siblings were when they were younger tends to come back

loneliness

caused by a mismatch where someone values and wants close relationships with others but lacks those relationships

sternberg theory of love

triangle theory of love consisting of intimacy, passion, and commitment

-passion is typically highest at early stages of relationships and then gradually declines

- commitment is biggest factor for maintaining relationships

marital roles

either traditional with gender roles or egalitarian, generally more satisfaction when in traditional roles, can still apply to same -sex couples

risk factors for low marital satisfaction

early to have kids, early to marry after starting dating, major differences in SES between couple, and less over similarities