History Study Guide

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts from the Civil Rights movement, including legislation, historical events, and influential figures.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws that segregated buses, trains, schools, restaurants, swimming pools, parks, and other public facilities.

Emmett Till

A 14-year-old African American who was brutally lynched for allegedly whistling at a white woman in Mississippi.

Southern Manifesto

A document signed by southern members of Congress in 1956 that opposed the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision.

Little Rock Nine

A group of nine African American students who volunteered to integrate Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas in September 1957.

Plessy v. Ferguson

The 1896 Supreme Court case that legalized racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Brown v. Board of Education

The 1954 Supreme Court case that ruled segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Little Rock Crisis

The event where Governor Faubus used National Guard forces to prevent the Little Rock Nine from entering the school.

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, established in 1957 to eliminate segregation and encourage African Americans to register to vote.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Act that made segregation illegal in most public accommodations and provided equal access for all citizens.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

This act authorized federal examiners to bypass discriminatory voting practices like literacy tests.

Sit-in

A form of protest where participants sit down and refuse to leave a place to draw attention to injustices.

Freedom Riders

Teams of African Americans and whites who traveled into the South to challenge segregation in bus terminals.

De Facto Segregation

Segregation that occurs by practice and custom, rather than by law.

Stokely Carmichael

The leader of SNCC who popularized the phrase 'Black Power' and emphasized self-determination and Black nationalism.

Black Power

An ideology that emphasizes racial pride, self-determination, and economic and political independence for Black people.

Redlining

The practice of denying mortgages and loans to residents in specific neighborhoods, often marked as hazardous on maps.

The Fair Housing Act of 1968

Legislation that made it illegal to refuse to sell or rent housing based on race, sex, religion, or nationality.