AP Human Geo Unit 2

Population Growth in the 1800s

Modern medicine and technology led to increased population.

Distribution of Resources

Resources like money, food, water, education, and healthcare are not evenly distributed.

Spatial Patterns

Refers to how populations are clustered in large cities or dispersed in rural areas.

Physical Factors in Population Distribution

Geographical features such as fertile soil, temperature, climate, and proximity to water bodies influence settlement patterns.

Cultural Factors

Cultural similarities, beliefs, and access to religion can affect population distribution.

Economic Factors

The level of economic development influences population distribution and density.

Arithmetic Density

Population divided by land area; measures the average number of people per unit of land.

Physiological Density

Population divided by arable land; indicates the number of people supported by farmland.

Agricultural Density

Number of farmers per unit of arable land; reflects levels of agricultural productivity.

Consequences of Population Distribution

Population density affects economic wealth, social services, political influence, and environmental sustainability.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population that an environment can sustain without degrading.

Dependency Ratio

The ratio of people too young or too old to work compared to those of working age.

Population Pyramids

Graphs showing the percentage of various age groups in a population, useful for predicting societal needs.

Natural Increase Rate

The percentage growth of a population excluding migration; calculated by subtracting crude death rate from crude birth rate.

Total Fertility Rate

Average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime.

Malthusian Theory

The idea that population growth will outpace food production without natural checks.

Neo-Malthusianism

The belief that Earth's resources can be depleted due to overpopulation; advocates for population control.

Antinatalist Policies

Government strategies aimed at decreasing birth rates through family planning and women's empowerment.

Pronatalist Policies

Government initiatives encouraging increased birth rates.

Women's Role in Demographic Change

Lowering birth rates through contraception, better healthcare, and female empowerment.

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

Principles describing patterns of migration, such as short distances, urban settlements, and step migration.

Aging Populations

Affected by birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy; leads to increased dependency ratios.

Economic Reasons for Migration

Push factors like lack of jobs and pull factors like job availability drive people to migrate.

Forced Migration

Movement of people against their will due to factors like cultural persecution or disaster.

Voluntary Migration

Movements of people made by choice, often permanent.

Effects of Migration on Origin Countries

Positive effects include relief from overcrowding; negative effects include a potential brain drain.

Effects of Migration on Receiving Countries

Increased diversity and contributions to the economy, contrasted with potential conflicts over resources.