can u imagine when this race is won? turn our golden faces into the sun, praising our leaders were getting in tune the musics played by the mad man, forever young, i want to be forever young. do you really want to live forever? forever? and ever, forever young, i want to be forever young,

some are like water some are like the heat, some are melody and some are the beat, sooner or later they all will be gone

external fertilization refers to

sperm meet egg outside body

Where does sperm mature

epididymis

How long is sperm viable in semen

24-72

Corona Radiata is formed from leftover nutring cells from ovarian follice, functioning in

protection / nourishment of embryo

Hyalurodinase role

enzyme in arcosome of sperm aids in breakdown of corona radiata

where does fertilization occur

Fallopian tube

First cleavage occurs in

zygote

Define Morula

solid ball of embryonic cells formed after several rounds of cleavage

ectopic pregnancy refers to

embryo implantation outside uterus

What occurs if a baby’s blood mixes with their mothers

mother immune attack baby blood cell (thinks its foreign)

hormone produces by placenta after implantation

hCG

Any part of a plant cell is at a ___ stage

totipotent

A mesoderm undergoes ___ to become a ____ the undergoes _ to become a muscle cell

determination

myoblast

differentiation

Importance of vegetal pole

contains cytoplasmic determinants

Define Homeotic genes

genes that control body plan of organism

How many hox genes in humans

39

What animal does NOT contain hox genes

sponges

Define homologous genes

genes in diff organisms that are similar as they form from common ancesteral gene

Define induction

embryonic cells signaling nearby cells to develop in a certain way

Proximal explanation of behavior refers to

how a behavior happens

Ultimate explanation of behavior refers to

how a behavior helps an organism

loss of response to stimuli after repeated exposure

habituation, decrease of response to a repeated stimulus that isn’t harmful

Imprinting example

ducks following mom

Association learning example

pavlov dog

Define arbitrary stimulus

stimuli with no natural connection to response at first

Types of comms in animals

visual tacticle chemical

Vegetation are abundant in which biome

Tropical Forests

What explains lots of rain at equator

more sunliht hits equator directly, allowing water to evap

what allows wet air to mass flow from tropics toward poles

atmospheric circulation

what percentage of kcal is passed from up chain

10%

we can feed more people by eating at lower levels

true, less energy loss from steps

competition ecological

two negatives

predation

pos neg

beneficial to one species detrimental to other

mutualism

++

beefiical to both species

Commensaloism

+/0

one species benefits from interaction, other is unaffected

Define cryptic coloration

organism has coloring patterns that allow blending into environment

Can two organisms occupy the same niche

not really

signifance of greenhouse effect

trapping of heat

What is doubling time

time it takes for population to double

What is our current population

8bil

What allows large growth in human population

no preds

How much energy does US use (precentage)

25% use but we only are 5% of population

Opportunistic (R selected)

produce lots of kids but dont take care

Equilibria ( K selected)

produce fewer kids but take care

How long was hunter and gatherer lifestyle dominant

50k

nomadic reduces interaction with children

true

increase energy demand = increase pollutants which are

acid rain

thinning of ozone layer

greenhouse effect

nuclear waste

What is layer o3

ozone layer (3 oxy atoms)

Introduction of polutants like DDt accumulate in the body of living things in the water (fish algae), as it goes up the food chain ddt becomes more conectrated is an example of

biomagnification

Introducing species that don tbelong

invasive species

Sexual Reprod

two parents gametes fuse to produce offspring with genetic variation

Asexual reprod

one parent produce genetically identical offspring

What triggers sex reversal

change in environment

if dom males die, large females change into male to take over reprod

What advantage does sexual reproduction provide?

genetic variation

In what type of an environment is sexual reproduction favored?

changing environments

What are the male gonads and what do they

produce

sperm

testosterone (test)

what + define

seminal vesicle

produces sugary nutrient rich fluid that feeds sperm and makes up large part of semen

urinary bladder

store urine before leave body

urethra

carry urine + semen out body

prostate gland

produce alkaline fluid to protect and activate sperm

push semen into urethera

bulbourethral gland (cowper)

produce slippery pre cum to lube urethra + neutralize acidity

vas deferens

tube carrying sperm from epididymis toward ejac duct

coiled tube on testis storing mature sperm

seminiferous tubules of testis

tiny tubes where sperm are produced

testis

male gonad producing sperm and test

scrotum

external sac hodling testes + keep cooler than body temp

ejac duct

sperm from vas deferens mix w fluid from seminal vesicle before entering urethra

rectum

final section of large intestine that stores feces before elimination

urinary duct

tube carrying urine from kidney to bladder

pubic bone

front pelvic bone that helps protect and support pelvic organs

penis

external reprod organ delivering semen + urine

glans

sensitive round tip

prepuce

foreskin

What is the role of the seminiferous tubules?

spermatogenesis

pathway of semen

seminiferous tubules

epididymis

vas deferens

urethra

Why are human testicles (a testis within a scrotum is a testicle) found in the scrotum.

allows slightly cooler than normal body temp

seminal vesicles contribution to semen

add thick nutrient rich fluid containing fructose giving sperm energy

makes up most of semen

prostate gland contribution to semen

add thin milky slightly alkaline fluid helping activation of sperm + protect sperm from acidic condition

Bulbourethral gland contribution to semen

clear slippery fluid (pre ejac) that lubricates urethra

How does the spongy erectile tissue of the penis contribute to an erection

fills with blood during sexual arousal allowing expansion

What occurs when a male is circumcised?

prepuce is removed

oviduct ( fallopian tube)

carry egg from ovary toward uterus.

fertilization usually occurs here

ovary

female gonad producing egg, estrogen, progesterone,

Follicles

Structure inside ovary that contains developing egg cells

mature follicles release an egg during ovulation

uterus

Muscular organ where fertilized eggs can implant and develop into a fetus

uterine wall

thick muscular wall of uterus that supports pregnancy by contracting during birth

endometrium

inner lining of uterus, thickens each cycle to prepare for pregnancy and is shed during mensturation

cervix

narrow opening of uterus connecting vagina

allow menstrual flow out, sperm in

vagina

muscular canal that allows

penis

birth canal

menstrual fluid

vaginal opening

major vestibular gland (bartholin)

produce mucus to lubricate vaginal opening

clitoris

sensitive erectile organ involved in sexual organ

body of clitoris

glans of clitoris

sensitive erectile organ

prepuce

hood of skin that cover glans of clitoris

labia minora

inner fold of skin around vaginal / urethral opening

labia majora

outer fold protecting external reprod struc

urinary bladder

store urine

pubic bone

front pelvic bone helping protect pelvic organ

rectum

final of large intestine

store feces before elimination