TERMS | Exam 1 (Lec. 1-5) | ARCH 143

Neo Classicism

Identified by its structural unity, repetition, and minimal excess decoration

The Enlightenment

Era of study, knowledge, rationalism, observation, and progress, beginning of Modernity

Historicism

Evoking the past, caring for the traditions and cultural identities of the community/ nation, and building influenced by that history

Picturesque

An aesthetic theory seeking inspiration in nature and characterized by irregularity, the exotic, and the sub-lime.

British Empire

This empire gained incredible power and control over many parts of the world and established its wealth through colonization across the globe; building its wealthy infostructure and influence.

Thomas Cole, The Architect’s dream, 1840

This painting features multiple western architectural styles including Greek, Roman, Gothic, and Egyptian; the narrative emphasizes the intellectual and creative engagement of the enlightened architect’s imagination.

“Jeffersonian Neoclassicism”

Building using brick and wood in the Americas, this substyle was characterized by Jefferson, its Palladian influence, and federal presence.

“Academical Village”

Campus of the University of Virgina, the idea the America's new republic should be based on education and knowledge outside of religion

“Empire Style” Napolean Bonaparte

French Neoclassical style from 1804 to 1815

Gothic Revival

Style used throughout England in the building of churches, prisons, education, and government buildings.

Perpendicular Gothic

Linear, horizontal, and repetitive English element in a certain cultural style.

Augustus W. N. Pugin, Contrasts, 1836

Argued that “good moral architecture“ is gothic and that “bad architecture” is the pagan’s classical style of the Greeks.

Eugene Viollet-Le-Duc (scrape) vs John Ruskin (Antiscrape)

Is restoration about perfecting adding and “fixing” it or is it about keeping the building alive and embracing the “stain of history”?

Ferrovitreous Architecture

Increased use of iron and glass revolutionized traditional construction methods, making way for new feats of enclosing or traversing space. Not since the Roman perfection of concrete construction had building technology so radicalized structural possibilities.

Arcades (galleries)

Innovative covered shopping galleries that emerged during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Designed as rows of shops with glass roofs, allowing natural light to flood in. These arcades were significant for their role in modern urban planning, serving as centers for luxury goods and social gatherings.

International Exhibition, London, 1851 (first world’s fair)

Featured the Crystal Palace to demonstrate England’s technology and modernity

Railroads and railway stations (train sheds)

This technology revolutionized cities giving making way for new forms of transportation and new places for social gathering with their new type of square.

Suspension bridges

A bridge that uses two pylons, from the top of which are hung cables from which smaller vertical cables reach down to support the deck.

Napoleon III and the Second French Empire Style 1852-1870

King of France and responsible for the modernization of Paris

Baron Georges-Eugene Haussmann (1809-1891)

Serving mayor of Paris under the reign of the second empire and Napoleon III. He was responsible for the modernization/ gentrification of Paris during the 1870s

Avenues and boulevards (typology and features)

These large streets that cut through the once medical urban fabric and “unified” the city of Paris making travel and movement throughout the city easier.

Mansard roof

A roof with a steep lower slope and a fatter upper slope on all four sides. Also called a gambrel roof in Great Britain.

Bourgeoisie and urban gentrification

The upper class benefited from this modernization while many workers and lower class citizens were pushed to the outskirts of Paris and without the ability to pay the raising taxes and property costs.

Flaneur

An ambivalent figure of urban affluence and modernity, representing the ability to wander detached from society, for an entertainment from the observation of the urban life

Ringstrasse Project, Vienna, Austria 1860s

Following Paris in modernizing their cities they filled in the gaps of Vienna in a spaced out wedding cake architectural plan allow buildings space to breathe and be seen.

Landscape Architecture

Planned planting and topography shaping the land to be presentable, used in parks, gardens, and urban planning

English Garden design

Picturesque oasis with winding paths, water features, bridges and follies

Chicago School/ Consumer style

Glass windows, tall office buildings, flat roofs, and minimal ornamentation

Curtain wall construction

Allowed buildings to be lighter, build taller, and signified the beginning of the skyscraper

Louis Sullivan, “The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered” (1896)

“It is the pervading law of all things organic and inorganic, of all things physical and metaphysical, of all things human and all things superhuman, of all true manifestations of the head, of the heart, of the soul, that the life is recognizable in its expression, that form ever follows function. This is the law.”

Tripartite design idea, general vertical emphasis, and nature of decoration

Apartment-hotel typology (NYC)

These were castle like stand alone housing, apartments, and hotels, for residents and visitors of the city. They functioned as clubs, bars, and social gathering for the wealthy upperclass communities

Tenement Housing

These cramped living spaces held the majority of the working class population within the city’s of modern society, they were overly crowded, unsanitary, and had little windows and ventilation

Row/ Terrace Housing

Small dense housing little back yard space, middle class residences in the slums of the modern cities not as cramped as the tenement housing and varied in size price and wealth depending on the location and people living there.

Company Towns

This housing was affiliated with factories to provide better, moral living for the factory workers, much cleaner, more space, and help modern facilities and commodities like libraries, pool, schools, parks, and sport facilities

Utopia concept

Collectivist living idea finding better ways to build city residences trough ideas like social palaces the idea came as a response to the poor quality of life and palettes living conditions of the day.