Chapter 17--Reaction and Revolution

revolution ✨

the Congress of Vienna

a gathering of the leading statesmen of Europe at Vienna, Austria, meeting in small informal gatherings

Lord Castlereagh

the foreign minister of Britain

Alexander I

czar of Russia who attended the Congress of Vienna

Prince Klemens von Metternich

the Austrian minister of foreign affairs, reactionary, and leading figure at the Congress; wished to reverse the French Revolution and restore its pre-Revolution conditions

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand

the representative of defeated France at the Congress and delegate to the Estates-General in 1789, assigned the new foreign minister of the French king Louis XVIII

Louis XVIII

the restored Bourbon king of France, accepted reforms of the French Revolution but later muzzled the press, introduced secret police, and raised property qualifications determining voter eligibility

what was the goal of the Vienna peace settlement

safeguarding France from becoming too powerful, restoring legitimate rulers, granting compensation, and balancing power

indemnities

compensation to other nations for war damages

what interrupted the congress of Vienna

Napoleon’s escape from Elba

the Quadruple (Quintuple) Alliance

the four nations of the Grand Alliance (Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain) signed an agreement to maintain the Vienna settlements and later admitted France (1818)

what was the main goal of the Quadruple Alliance

to avoid major wars and suppress nationalism and liberalism

Ferdinand VII

the reinstituted king of Spain who revived the Inquisition and eventually caved to the demands of the Spanish revolutionists and restored the constitution

the Monroe Doctrine

a warning established by James Monroe saying that any attempt to establish or reestablish colonies in the Western Hemisphere by the European nations would be considered an unfriendly act of aggression towards the United States

the Greek Revolt

the Greeks rebelled against the Ottoman Empire in 1821, defeating the Turks with help from Britain, Russia, and France; secured the Treaty of Adrianople in 1829

the Treaty of Adrianople

recognized Greek independence, established in 1829

liberalism

stressed individual rights and personal freedoms, advocated democratic reforms, promoted parliamentary government, and increased public participation in government

who were the main supporters of the liberalists

the middle class

nationalism

seeking independence or defending ethnic interests, promoted a strong drive for unification in Italy and Germany

Charles X

the king of France following Louis XVIII who believed in divine rights and sought to restore absolute monarchy as well as the privileges of the Roman Catholic Church and the nobility; fled to England during the July Revolution

the July Revolution

the revolution in the streets of Paris in 1830 that eventually chased Charles X out of France and replaced him with the Duke of Orleans, Louis Philippe

Louis Philippe

the former Duke of Orleans who was hailed a the “citizen king” until he began catering towards the interests of the upper middle class

what group was stirred up by news of the July Revolution

the Belgians

the Treaty of London

recognized the independence of Belgium

Nicholas I

the Russian czar who brutally crushed the rebellion in Poland and sought to head off uprisings by instituting the policy of “Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and Nationalism”, increasing the czar’s control over the state, recognizing only the Russian Orthodox Church, and instituted Russification

what happened to Louis Philippe

in February 1848 the French protested against Louis Philippe’s policies, and when he refused to hear their demands, they rioted and chased him to England when the National Guard joined the rioter’s side

the “June Days”

three days in June in which Paris was a bloody battlefield of fighting between unemployed workers and the government

Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)

the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte who staged a coup d’etat and proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon III of the Second French Republic

Franz Josef I

the nephew of Austrian emperor Ferdinand I who renounced the previous emperor’s concessions and crushed the nationalist revolts in Austria

Russification

the policy of uniting the diverse national groups within Nicholas I’s territory around the Russian culture and tradition

realpolitik

“the politics of reality” in which politicians and diplomats used whatever means necessary to advance national goals

the Crimean War

the first major international conflict after the defeat of Napoleon, pitting Britain, France, and Sardinia against Russia

Florence Nightingale

established the modern nursing profession by helping British soldiers during the Crimean War and the first woman to receive the British Order of Merit

Mary Seacole

another pioneer of military medicine who was rejected as a nurse by Nightingale because of her ethnicity (Jamaican), instead used her money to set up the British Hotel, helping soldiers from Britain, France, Italy, and Russia; the first woman allowed in Sevastopol after its surrender and was awarded the British Crimean Medal, the French Legion of Honor, and the Turkish Order of the Medjidie

Risorgimento

the “resurgence” movement in Italy

Giuseppe Mazzini

started a patriotic society called Young Italy in 1832 that determined to fight for Italian unification

Count Camillo de Cavour

the man primarily responsible for uniting Italy; the prime minister of Sardinia who joined Britain and France in sending troops to fight Russia, allied with Napoleon III to gain the Austrian provinces of Lombardy and Venetia

Giuseppe Garibaldi

a follower of Mazzini who gathered a band of loyal followers called “Red Shirts” and invaded Sicily, Naples, and the Papal States

Victor Emmanuel II

the king of Sardinia who received Garibaldi’s conquests

the Zollverein

the German trade union that lent support to the movement for political unification of Germany

Count Otto von Bismarck

the architect of political unification in Germany who was devoted to the idea of realpolitik, made the chancellor of Prussia, and sought to unify Germany under Prussian domination

the Austro-Prussian War (the Seven Weeks’ War)

the war between the Prussians and Austrians initiated by Bismarck that eventually resulted in the establishment of the Prussia-dominated North German Confederation

the Franco-Prussian War

the war between France and Prussia initiated by Bismarck as a way of persuading the Germans to join the Prussians, invading Alsace and Lorraine, trapping Napoleon III and forcing him to surrender, along with 83,000 of his men, establishing a new French republic

the “Ems Dispatch”

a report of Wilhelm I’s conversation with the French ambassador that was sent and edited by Bismarck to anger the French

the Dual Monarchy

the equal monarchy of the Austrians and Hungarians ruled by Franz Josef I

Alexander II

the son of Nicholas I and Russian czar who abolished serfdom and implemented many other social reforms; assassinated in 1881

romanticism

the cultural movement that gave literary and artistic expression to “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

what was Romanticism a reaction against

the restraint of the Age of Reason, the violence of the French Revolution, the repression following the Napoleonic Wars, and the harsh working conditions of the Industrial Revolution

what was the beliefs of romantics in comparison to rationalists

they went to the extremes in the opposite direction, making their feelings standard for actions and exchanged the mind-centered humanism for heart-centered humanism

what themes were exhibited by writers during the Romantic period

longing for distant lands or the distant past, fascination with the supernatural and mysterious, glorification of the “noble savage”, nature, love of freedom, and pride in one’s nation

Sir Walter Scott

one of the most famous Romantic novelists who loved to visit the ruins of Scotland, author of Ivanhoe

Victor Hugo

a leading French romantic influenced by Scott, author of The Hunchback of Notre Dame

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

English poet whose works reflected the romantics’ interests in faraway places, author of “Kubla Khan” and “Rime of the Ancient Mariner”

Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm

two brothers who compiled a two-volume collection of German fairy tales containing elements of the mysterious and supernatural

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

German author and playwright whose works also reflected the supernatural, creator of Faust

Edgar Allan Poe

American writer and poet whose works were mostly works of mystery, enhancing the effects of his writing by emphasizing one major emotion throughout each work, known as the Father of Modern Mystery and Detective Fiction

James Fenimore Cooper

American writer whose works reflected the concept of the noble savage, author of The Last of the Mohicans and The Leatherstocking Tales

William Wordsworth

a Romantic writer who promoted the philosophy of nature through his poetry

George Gordon, Lord Byron

English romantic poet who indulged in immoral, “freestyle” living, leading to a life full of personal tragedy and sorrow, but wrote about freedom and actively supported the cause of freedom, helping the Italians in their fight for unification and aided the Greeks in their struggle for independence from the Turks

Percy Bysshe Shelley

English poet who opposed “religious, political, and domestic oppression” and advocated “the sacred cause of freedom”

Aleksandr Pushkin

the greatest Russian poet whose heavy influence on Russian literature led to him being known as the founder of modern Russian literature; expresses the romantic longing for freedom

what musical instruments improved in construction and became more accessible during the romantic period

the accordion, harmonium (reed organ), and piano

which two city orchestras were founded during the romantic period

the London Philharmonic Orchestra and the New York Philharmonic

Ludwig van Beethoven

the musician who bridged the gap between classical and romantic music; reflected the classical influence of his teacher Haydn but later became more explosive and dramatic, added two new instruments to the orchestra (trombone and piccolo)

Frederic Chopin

Polish composer known as the “poet of the piano” who expressed his love for his homeland through his music, drawing many melodies from Polish folk dances; his music was used as a secret signal indicating coded messages during World War II

Franz Liszt

Hungarian pianist and the most accomplished pianist of his time

Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky

Russian composer of symphonies, ballets, and overtures; composer of The Nutcracker and the 1812 Overture

Johannes Brahms

German composer who produced orchestral works, chamber music, and symphonies; drew musical forms that were also popular during the baroque and classical periods; wrote more than three hundred songs

Giuseppe Verdi

Italian composer of operas who incorporated the theme of good triumphing over evil and became associated with the resurgence of Italian nationalism

Richard Wagner

composer of operas who based many of his works on old Germanic myths, seeking to unite the Germans around a common culture

Jacques-Louis David

French neoclassical painter who demonstrated the interest in themes from Greece and Rome

Eugene Delacroix

the “Great Romantic” painter who broke with the neoclassicism of David

John Constable

English painter who expressed love for nature through his green landscape paintings

J. M. W. Turner

English artist who used watercolor and oil paints to create landscapes and seascapes using yellows and oranges