exercise science Exam S1

Anatomy

The study of science focused on the study of structure in plants and animals.

Physiology

Biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts

Homeostasis

The ability for the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment. (E.g. temp or blood sugar)

Negative feedback loop

The main way the body maintains homeostasis through undoing the problem

Venous pooling

the accumulation of blood in the veins of the lower limbs (legs, ankles, feet) due to inefficient return to the heart, often caused by damaged, incompetent vein valves

Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell. Produces ATP (energy) through cellular respiration so the cell can carry out all its activities.

Ribosomes

Make proteins. They follow instructions from DNA to build proteins needed for cell structure and function. Can float freely or attach to rough ER.

Lysosomes

The cell’s recycling centre. Contain digestive enzymes that break down waste, old cell parts, and harmful materials.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

Has ribosomes attached. Helps fold, modify, and transport proteins made by ribosomes.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

No ribosomes. Makes lipids (fats), helps with detoxification, and stores calcium.

Nucleus

The control centre of the cell. Contains DNA, which holds instructions for making proteins. The nucleolus inside makes ribosomes.

Golgi Apparatus

The cell’s packaging and shipping centre . Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles to be sent where needed.

Plasma (Cell) Membrane

A selectively permeable barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell and helps protect it.

Cytoplasm

Jelly

Cytoskeleton

Dynamic network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm cells, it acts as the cells internal skeleton and provides support to maintain the shape of the cell.

Chromatin

The material of which the chromosomes of organisms are composed, consisting of proteins, RNA and DNA

Hyperthermia

Dangerosly high body temperature

Hypothermia

Dangerosly low body temperature

systole

Where your heart contracts together to pump blood out of your heart

Diastole

When you heart relaxes to bring blood back into your heart

capillaries

capillaries are tiny vessels that transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems.

Pulmonary circulation

Carries both types of blood to and from heart and lungs for gas exchange.

Systematic circulation

Carries blood to and from your heart and the rest of the body

Red blood cells

Transports oxygen around the body

White blood cells

Helps to fight against disease

Platelet

Cause blood to clot to make sure you don’t bleed out

Plasma

Carries blood cells around the body, carries nutrients, proteins and waste around the body.

Hemoglobin

Inside red blood cells, it’s a red protein that carries oxygen around the body, and helps with the gas exchange between heart and lungs.

Cardiac output

The amount of blood your heart expels from your left atrium per minute in Liters. Calculated

Heart rate

The amount of times your heart completes a cardiac cycle (heartbeat) per minute. (BPM)

Stroke volume

The amount of blood expelled from your heart in one cardiac cycle in ml.

Max heart rate

The max your heart rate can go. 220

Submaximal

Training below 50

maximal

Training at 90

thermoregulation

How your body regulates a healthy body temp through various methods.

Vena Cava

Carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

Semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary)

Flaps that prevent backflow of blood

Mitrial/Bicuspid, Tricuspid Valve

regulate blood flow between the heart's chambers, ensuring one

Left atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

Left ventricle

Region of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood to the body

Pulmonary artery

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Right ventricle

Region of the heart that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Pulmonary vein

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs

Right atrium

Segment of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood

Aorta

The main artery carrying oxygenated blood to all parts of the body

Arteriovenous difference

The amount of oxygen taken up by blood in the tissues, The greater the amount of oxygen extracted by the tissues, the greater the arteriovenous oxygen difference

Nasal cavity

Filters, warms and moistens incoming air before it enters the lungs. E.G. nose

larynx

Contains vocal cords that allow air to pass through. E.G. Adams apple

Trachea

Tube that carries air from the larynx to the bronchi. Contains cartilage rings to keep it open. E.G. windpipe

diaphragm

Main breathing muscle.

pleura

Membrane lining of the thorax and the lungs

lungs

Organ that helps aid beathing and respiratory

bronchioles

Small airways inside the lungs that break from the bronchi.

alveoli

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange happens.

capillaries

Oxygen diffuses into blood, carbon dioxide diffuses out.

Bronchi

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange happens.

pharynx

Passageway for air from nasal cavity to larynx. Also part of digestive system (shared pathway).

Inspiration

The process of breathing in, your diaphragm contracts and pulls downwards. Therefore expanding the ribs allowing your lungs to fill with oxygen.

Expiration

The process if breathing out, this occurs when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and push up. Causing the rib cage to close it, which causes carbon dioxide to leave the body.

Ventilation

The amount of air breathed in and out during 1 minute. Calculated by tidal volume (TV) and respiratory rate (RR).

Respiratory Rate

The amount of breathes per minute

Total lung capacity

The total amount of air that can be held in your lungs after 1 inhale.

Vital capacity

Maximal amount of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiration

Tidal volume

The amount of air breathed in and out in one breath

Residual volume

The amount of air left in the lungs at the end of a conscious, maximal expiration.

Inspiratory reserve capacity

Maximal Mount of air that can be inspired after a normal inspiration

Expiratory reserve capacity

Maximal amount of air that can be expired after a normal expiration

Maximum oxygen uptake (V02 Max)

The max amount of oxygen per minute that can be taken in, transported to and used by the working muscles to produce ATP.

Superior

Above or higher than another body part.

Inferior

Below or lower than another body part.

Anterior

Towards the front of the body.

Posterior

Towards the back of the body.

Medial

Closer to the midline (centre) of the body.

Lateral

Further away from the midline of the body.

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or where a limb joins the body.

Distal

Further from the point of attachment or where a limb joins the body.

Superficial

Closer to the surface of the body.

Deep

Further inside the body, away from the surface.

Prone

Lying face down

Supine

Lying face up

Transverse

A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) halves.

Frontal

A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) halves.

Sagittal

A vertical plane that divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves.

Flexion

decreasing the angle of the joint

Extension

increasing the angle of the joint

Abduction

Moving a limb away from the centre line (medial line) of the body

Adduction

Moving a limb towards the centre line (medial line) of the body

Pronation

rotating the forearm so that the palm faces down If the forearm is flexed

Supination

rotating the forearm so that the palm faces up If the forearm is flexed

Eversion

Rotating the ankle so that the sole of the foot points away from the other

Inversion

Rotating the ankle so that the sole of the foot points towards the other

Dorsi flexion

decreasing the angle of joint in your ankle

Plantar flexion

increasing the angle of joint in your ankle

Circumduction

A circular movement of a limb where the end moves in a circle.

Rotation

Turning a bone around its own axis.

Elevation

Moving a body part upward.

depression

Moving a body part downward.

Lateral rotation

Rotating a limb away from the midline of the body.

Medial rotation

Rotating a limb away from the midline of the body.

retraction

Rotating a limb towards the midline of the body.