Chapter 2: Chemical Principles

Proteins

________ are organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Simple sugars

________ are called monosaccharides; each molecule contains three to seven carbon atoms.

Disaccharides

________ are formed when two monosaccharides bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction.

nucleotide

Each ________ has three parts: a nitrogen- containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

DNA

________ and another substance called ribonucleic acid (RNA) are together referred to as nucleic acids because they were first discovered in the nuclei cells.

Carbohydrates

________ are a large and diverse group of organic compounds that includes sugars and starch.

Macromolecules

________ are usually polymers, which are formed by covalent bonding of many repeating small molecules called monomers.

unequal distribution of charges

Any molecule having such a(n) ________ is called a polar molecule.

chemistry

The science of the interaction between atoms and molecules is called ________.

nucleoside refers

The term ________ to the combination of purine or pyrimidine plus a pentose sugar; it does not contain a phosphate group.

ATP

________ is called a high- energy molecule because it releases a larger amount of usable energy when the third phosphate group is hydrolyzed to become adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Polysaccharides

________ consist of tens or hundred of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis.

nonpolar solvents

Most lipids are insoluble in water but dissolve readily in ________.

Enzymes

________ are the proteins that speed up biochemical reactions.

Lipids

________ are composed of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

amino acids

The bonds between ________ are called peptide bonds.

Adenosine triphosphate

________ (ATP) is the principle energy- carrying molecule of all cells and is indispensable to the life of the cell.

Organic compounds

________ always contain carbon and hydrogen and typically are structurally complex.

electron shells

In an atom, electrons are arranged in ________, which are regions corresponding to different energy levels.

Complex lipids

________ contain elements such as phosphorus, iatrogenic and sulfur and carbon.

dehydration synthesis

In a(n) ________, also known as a condensation synthesis, a molecule of water is released.

H+

A salt is a substance that dissociates in water into cations and anions, neither of which is ________ or OH-

smallest component

An atom is the ________ of a substance, and it can not be subdivided into smaller substances without losing its properties.

Atoms

________ are often listed by their atomic number, which is the number of protons in the nucleus.

term pH

The ________ means the potential of hydrogen.

Chemical reactions

________ involve the making or breaking of bonds between atoms.

Peptide bonds

________ are formed by dehydration synthesis.

Inorganic compounds

________ are defined as molecules, usually small and structurally simple, which typically lack carbon and in which ionic bonds may play an important role.

Molecules

________ hold together because the valence electrons of the combining atoms form attractive forces, called chemical bonds, between the atomic nuclei.

Ionization

________ or dissociation, where they break apart into ________.

Deoxyribonucleic acid

________ (DNA) is the substance of which genes are made.

unit of molecules mass

The ________ is a dalton (da)

Carbohydrates

________ are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

electron shells

Every atom has a centrally located nucleus and negatively charged particles called electrons that move around the nucleus in regions called ________.

chemical reactions

The bonding of other elements with carbon and hydrogen forms characteristic functional groups, specific groups of atoms that are most commonly involved in ________ and are responsible for most of the characteristic chemical properties of a particular organic compound.

Amino acids

________ are the building blocks of proteins.

electron shell

When an atoms outermost ________ is only partially filled, the atom is chemically unstable.