5.1 Migration as a component of population change

Movements of populations (excluding all movements of less than one year's duration). Causes of migration: push factors and pull factors, processes of migration (including chain migration) and patters of migration (including by distance and by age), the role of constraints, obstacles and barriers (e.g. cost, national borders).

What is migration?

Movement of people to an area or country for a year or more.

What is international migration

Movement from one country to another

What is internal migration

Movement within a country

Causes of migration: push factors

Unemployment - low job opportunity and low wages cause economic hardship

Environmental quality is low: lots of pollution no antural hazards

War or persecutions

Political unrest

Poor public services

Overall low quality of life

Causes of migration: Pull factors

Opposite to above

More amenities

Process of migration - chain migration

Movement of people to an area, consequently causes more people to follow to that area.

Can be due to family moving or word of mouth

Process of migration: stepped migration

The gradual movement from origin to destination through multiple moves that climb up the settlement hierarchy.

For example - migration from village to small town then to regional city then to capital

Process of migration; illegal immigration

Migration that violates the law of the country being migrated to

Barriers to migration: intervening obstacles

• illiteracy

• Political differences

• Religion

• Travel costs

• Language

• Family pressures

• Immediate job opportunities

• National policy

Define immigration and emigration

Immigration: permanent movement of people into a particular country from one or a number of other countries.

Emigration; permanent movement of people out of a county to one of a number of other countries

What is in and out migration

In-migration: regional movement within country towards particular destination.

Out-migration: regional movement within a country away from particular destination

What is net migration

Number of migrants entering a region or country minus th number of migrants who leave the same region or country.

Balance may be positive or negative.

What are the different types of migrants?

• voluntary migration

• Forced migration → refugees → asylum seekers (who apply to stay in place of destination permanently)

• Economic migrants

• Remittances

• Legal migrants

• Illegal migrants

• Deported (illegal migrant sent home)

Relay migration

• different stages in family’s life cycle - different people take responsibility of migration in order to improve financial position of family

Define urbanisation

Increasing percentage of a country’s population that lives in urban areas

What is intro-urban migration

People move within an urban area