Chapter 25 (Exam 5)

The urinary system consists of two … which consequently produces urine.

kidneys

The urinary system consists of two … which drain urine from the kidneys.

ureters

The urinary system consists of one … … which stores urine until it’s ready to be expelled.

urinary bladder

The urinary system consists of one … which transports urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior.

urethra

The kidneys perform many different functions, including enzymatic regulation of blood pressure by secreting …, and production of hormones such as … and …

renin, calcitriol, erythropoietin

The paired reddish kidneys are … organs attached to the posterior abdominal wall.

retroperitoneal

The kidneys are partially protected by the … and … pairs of ribs.

eleventh, twelfth

The … kidney is slightly lower than the … because of the presence of the liver.

right, left

Near the center of the kidney’s concave border is a depression called the … … through which travel: blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and the …

renal hilus, ureter

The Renal Hilus is the entrance to a cavity in the kidney called the … …

renal sinus

The kidney is surrounded by three layers of tissue: (1) the inner … …, (2) the intermediate … …, and (3) the outer … …

renal capsule, adipose capsule, renal fascia

The kidney’s functional tissue is called the …

parenchyma

The parenchyma has two layers: the outer layer called the … … and the inner region called the … …

renal cortex, renal medulla

The medulla contains 8-18 cone-shaped … … whose apexes are called … …

renal pyramids, renal papillae

The renal cortex is divided into an outer … … and an inner … …

cortical zone, juxtamedullary zone

… … are portions of the renal cortex that extend between renal pyramids. A … … consists of a renal pyramid, its overlying area of renal cortex, and half of each adjacent renal column.

Renal columns, Renal Lobe

Within the parenchyma are the functional units of the kidney called … which produce urine.

nephrons

Urine from the nephrons drains into … … and onwards into minor calyx which merge to form … … that deliver the urine into a large cavity called the … … . Urine then exits the kidney by flowing into the ureter.

papillary ducts, major calyx, renal pelvis

Name the 5 arteries that are in the kidneys in order:

renal arteries, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries

Name the arterioles and capillaries in the kidneys in order (starting after the cortical radiate arteries):

afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries

Name the venules and veins in the kidneys in order (starting after the peritubular capillaries):

peritubular venules, cortical radius veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal veins

Each kidney’s parenchyma contains about … … nephrons.

one million

The nephron consists of two portions: … … where plasma is filtered and the … … is where the filtered fluid passes

renal corpuscle, renal tubule

The renal corpuscle in a nephron has two components: a network of capillaries called the … which receives blood from the afferent arteriole and drains blood into the … arteriole, and surrounding the glomerulus is a double walled epithelial cup called the … …

Glomerulus, efferent, glomerular capsule

After being filtered in the glomerulus, the filtered fluid then flows into the renal tubule, which consists of three segments: the … … …, the … … … (nephron loop), and the … … …

proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule

The distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons empty into a single … … . These merge to form papillary ducts which drain into a minor calyx.

collecting duct

There are two types of nephrons in the kidneys: The first one is the … nephron which is the most common type, meaning that it’s … to … % of all nephrons. The second type is the … nephron which is the least common, meaning that it’s … to …% of all nephrons.

cortical, 80, 85, juxtamedullary, 15, 20

Cortical nephrons (the most common type) usually have its glomerulus in the … part of the cortex and its loop of Henle penetrates into the … region of the medulla. Juxtamedullary nephrons (the least common type) usually have its glomerulus … in the cortex and its loop of Henle penetrates … into the medulla.

outer, outer, deep, deeply

The glomerular capsule consists of an inner visceral layer and an outer parietal layer that have a space between them called the … space. The visceral layer consists of modified simple squamous epithelial cells called … whose footlike projections wrap around the single layer of endothelial cells and form the inner wall of the capsul.

capsular, podocytes

The final portion of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle makes contact with the afferent arteriole serving the renal corpuscle; the tubule cells here are columnar and crowded together, and thus are known as … … . Alongside this, the wall of the afferent arteriole contains modified smooth muscle fibers called … cells and together with the macula densa, they constitute the … …

macula densa, juxtaglomerular, juxtaglomerular apparatus

Urine formation in Nephrons involves three major processes: … … which is when blood is being filtered, … … which is when 99% of the filtrate is being put back into the blood from the renal tubule, and … … which is when substances are put back into the renal tubule.

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

Tubular secretion in the nephron helps control blood ... and helps eliminate … substances from the body.

pH, unwanted

The function of the ureters is to … … … … … …

transport urine into the urinary bladder

The ureters transport urine into the bladder by three ways:

peristaltic waves, hydrostatic pressure, gravity

The wall of each ureter consists of three layers: (1) The inner … with … epithelium laying over lamina propria. (2) The intermediate … consisting of two … layers and one … layer of smooth muscle. (3) The outer … that blends in with surrounding connective tissue.

mucosa, transitional, muscularis, longitudinal, circular, adventitia

A female’s bladder is … than a male’s bladder.

smaller

The floor of the urinary bladder has a small triangular area called the … In this area, the two posterior corners contain the two ureteral openings while the anterior corner contains the … … …

Trigone, internal urethral sphincter

The wall of the urinary bladder consists of three layers: (1) Inner … with … epithelium laying over lamina propria. (2) Intermediate … muscle which consists of two layers of … smooth muscle and one layer of … smooth muscle. (3) Outer …

mucosa, transitional, detrusor, longitudinal, circular, adventitia

Two other words for urination include:

micturition and voiding

Accumulation of urine in the bladder stimulates stretch receptors which initiate nerve impulses delivered to the sacral spinal cord’s … … which in turn initiates a parasympathetic spinal … …

micturition center, micturition reflex

The … … may voluntarily initiate or delay micturition for a … period of time.

cerebral cortex, limited

In females, the urethra is about …cm long while in males the urethra is about …cm long.

4, 20

Renal calculi is another word for … …

kidney stones

Definition of Polyuria

excessive production of urine

Definition of Nocturia

excessive nighttime urination

Definition of Dysuria

Painful urination

Definition of Urinary Retention

forgetting to urinate

Definition of Hematuria

blood in the urine