Western Civ 2nd Semester Final (copy)

Battle of Tours

Battle where Charles Martel stopped Muslim expansion into Europe

Charlemagne

Frankish king who built a large empire, crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800

Charles Martel

Frankish leader known for winning Battle of Tours

Chivalry

Code of conduct followed by knights emphasizing honor and bravery

Clovis

First Christian king of Franks who United much of Gaul

Feudalism

Medieval system where lords granted land to vassals in exchange for service

Holy Roman Empire

Political empire in central Europe begun by Charlemagne

Middle Ages

Time period in Europe between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance

Pepin the Short

Father of Charlemagne and King of the Franks

Pope Gregory I (Gregory the Great)

Pope who strengthened the Church and spread Christiany

Bubonic Plague

Deadly disease, killed millions in Europe

Commercial Revolution

Growth of trade, cities, and banking in medieval Europe

Crusades

Religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land

Dark Ages

Early Middle Ages marked by decline after Rome fell

Gothic

Architectural style with flying buttresses, stained glass, and pointed arches

Guild

Organization of merchants or craftsmen that controlled trade and training

100 Years’ War

Long conflict between England and France from 1337-1453

Magna Carta

English document, limited king’s power and protected rights

Romansque

Medieval architecture with thick walls and rounded arches

Simony

Selling or buying church positions

95 Theses

Martin Luther’s arguments criticizing the Catholic Church

Anglican Church

Church of England, created by Henry VIII

Indulgence

Payments to the Church, believed to reduce punishment for sins

Printing Press

Machine invented by Gutenberg that spread idea quickly

Leonardo da Vinci

Renaissance artist and inventor, painted Mona Lisa

Machiavelli

Italian writer who believed rulers should use any means to keep power

Michelangelo

Renaissance artist who painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling

Reformation

Religious movement that led to Protestant churches

Renaissance

Rebirth of art, learning and classical idea in Europe

William Shakespeare

English playwright and poet who wrote famous plays like Hamlet

Absolute Monarch

Ruler with complete control over government and people

Cabinet System

group of advisors who help a ruler govern

Constitutional Monarchy

Government where a monarch’s power is limited by laws/constitution

Divine Right

Belief that a king’s authority comes from God

English Bill of Rights

Document protecting rights and limiting royal power

Habeas Corpus

Legal principle that a person cannot be jailed without being charged

Inquisition

Church count created to find and punish heresy

Petition of Right

English document limiting king;s ability to tax or imprison unfairly.

Reconquista

Christian reconquest of Muslim lands in Spain

Spanish Armada

Large Spanish fleet defeated by England in 1588

Baroque

Artistic style known for dramatic detail and emotion

Enlightened Despots

Absolute rulers who used Enlightenment ideas to reform government

Enlightenment

Movement emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights

Galileo

Scientist who supported heliocentric theory through observation

Montesquieu

Philosopher who promoted separation of powers

Natural Rights

all people are born with rights

Neoclassical

Style inspired by ancient Greece and Rome

Rousseau

Enlightenment thinker who believed government should follow the will of the peopl

Scientific Revolution

Period of major advances in science

Social Contract

Idea that people five government power in exchange for protection of rights

Bastille

French prison, stormed at start of French Revolution

Congress of Vienna

Meeting after Napoleon’s defeat to restore balance in Europe

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

French document declaring freedom and equality

French Revolution

Revolution in France that overthrew the monarchy

“Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity”

Motto of French Revolution

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader who became emperor of France

Napoleonic Code

Napoleon's system of laws guaranteeing equality before the law

Old Regime

Social and political system in France before the Revolution

Reign of Terror

Periods of executions during the French Revolution led by Robespierre

Three Estates

Social classes in pre-revolutionary France