Changes Across the Lifespan and Its Influence on Health (OT104)

Flashcards covering developmental periods across the lifespan, including physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes, as well as specific health needs and risks for each stage.

What are the seven developmental periods across the lifespan identified in this lesson?

1. Infancy and Babyhood, 2. Early Childhood, 3. Middle and Late Childhood, 4. Adolescence, 5. Early Adulthood, 6. Middle Adulthood, and 7. Late Adulthood.

What age range defines the Infancy and Babyhood period?

Birth to $2$ years.

What are the four sub-stages of the Infancy and Babyhood period?

Intrauterine, Extrauterine, Newborn, and Infant.

How is NSVD defined in obstetric terms?

Normal Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery: vaginal birth without surgical intervention.

What does the obstetric acronym GTPAL stand for?

Gravidity, Term, Preterm, Abortion, Living.

What is the duration of a full-term pregnancy and how many trimesters does it include?

$38-40$ weeks and $3$ trimesters.

Which intrauterine stage is most vulnerable to teratogens due to organ formation?

The embryonic stage.

What does APGAR stand for in newborn assessment?

Appearance (Skin color), Pulse (Heart rate), Grimace (Reflex irritability), Activity (Tone), and Respiration.

At what intervals after birth is the APGAR assessment performed?

$1-5$ minutes.

What APGAR score for 'Pulse' is assigned if the heart rate is above $100$?

$2$ points.

In the APGAR scale, what does a score of $1$ point represent for 'Activity'?

Some flexion.

What is the typical weight range for a newborn?

$6-9$ lbs ($2700-4000$ g).

What is the average head circumference (HC) of a newborn?

$13-14$ in.

When does the anterior fontanel typically close?

$12-18$ months.

When does the posterior fontanel typically close?

$2-3$ months.

What are the common newborn reflexes mentioned in the notes?

Moro, suck, rooting, grasp, Babinski, and TNR (Tonic Neck Reflex).

How far from their face can a newborn typically focus?

$8-12$ in.

What is the primary communication cue for newborns?

Crying.

What is the age range for the 'Infant' stage?

$1$ month to $1$ year old.

By which month does an infant's weight typically double?

$5$ months.

How much height does an infant typically gain per month during the first six months?

$1$ inch / month.

What are the two patterns of motor development observed in infancy?

Cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns.

At what age can an infant usually sit alone without support?

$6-8$ months.

During which age range does a child typically pull themselves to a standing position and walk holding onto furniture?

$8-10$ months.

By $10-12$ months, what specific fine motor skill begins to develop?

Pincer grasp.

According to Piaget, which stage of cognitive development occurs from birth to $2$ years?

Sensorimotor stage.

At what age range does 'object permanence' typically develop?

$7-9$ months.

How many words can an infant typically say by $1$ year of age?

$3-5$ words.

What psychosocial stage of development did Erik Erikson assign to infancy?

Trust vs. Mistrust.

At approximately what age does stranger anxiety appear in infants?

$8$ months.

What are the two sub-categories of Early Childhood?

Toddler and Preschooler.

What is the age range for a toddler?

$12-36$ months.

What is the typical annual height increase for a toddler?

$7.5$ cm ($3$ in).

According to Piaget, which cognitive stage begins during the toddler and preschool years?

Preoperational stage.

How many words does a child typically know by $24$ months?

$300$ words.

What is the name of the social play behavior that emerges in toddlers where they play next to but not with others?

Parallel play.

What is the age range for a preschooler?

$3-5$ years.

By age $5$, a preschooler should be able to perform what gross motor skill involving alternate feet?

Skipping.

What is 'magical thinking' in preschoolers?

The belief that thoughts can cause events.

How many words can a $5$-year-old typically use in their vocabulary?

$2100$ words.

What psychosocial stage from Erikson occurs during the preschool years?

Initiative vs. Guilt.

What is the recommended maximum screen time for preschoolers per day?

$1$ hour or less.

What is the age range for Middle Childhood?

$6-12$ years.

According to Piaget, which cognitive stage occurs during Middle Childhood?

Concrete operational stage.

What psychosocial conflict does Erikson identify for the child in Middle Childhood?

Industry vs. Inferiority.

According to Freud, which stage of psychosexual development corresponds to Middle Childhood?

Latency stage.

What is the age range for Adolescence?

$12-18$ years.

At what age might puberty begin for girls?

As early as $10$ years old.

What is Erikson's developmental stage for Adolescence?

Identity vs. Role Confusion.

By what age do most girls stop growing physically?

$16-17$ years.

By what age do most boys stop growing physically?

$18-20$ years.

What is the age range for Early Adulthood?

$18-39$ years.

By what age is full physical maturity typically reached?

$20$ years.

In Early Adulthood, what is the psychosocial focus for the age range $23-28$?

Intimacy and self-understanding.

What does 'puerperium' refer to in the childbearing cycle?

The period immediately following childbirth.

What is the age range for Middle Adulthood?

$40-60$ years.

Why is Middle Adulthood often called the 'Sandwich Generation'?

They begin to help aging parents while still being responsible for their own children.

What is 'perimenopause'?

The $1-3$ year period of irregular cycles due to declining ovarian function before menopause.

What is the 'climacteric' in men?

The period in the late $40s-50s$ characterized by reduced erection firmness and longer refractory periods.

What age range defines Late Adulthood?

$65$ years and older.

Distinguish between delirium and dementia as defined in the notes.

Delirium: sudden, reversible, fluctuating confusion; Dementia: gradual, irreversible decline in cognition.

What are ADLs and IADLs?

Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living.

What occurs during a 'mortality transition' in public health?

Fewer deaths across all age groups.

By the year $2050$, how much is the population of people aged $60+$ expected to grow compared to $2000$?

It will more than double.

What is the definition of the 'Aging Index'?

Number of $65+$ adults per $100$ children ($<15$ years).

What is the 'Elderly Support Ratio'?

The number of adults $65+$ per working-age adult.

What intervention prevents neonatal tetanus at birth?

Tetanus toxoid.

Why are steroids administered during preterm labor?

To promote lung maturity.

What is the recommended weight gain during pregnancy?

$25-35$ lbs ($11-15$ kg).

Advanced maternal age increases the risk for what specific type of abnormality?

Chromosomal abnormalities.

How can the risk of SIDS be reduced regarding sleep position?

Back sleeping on a firm surface.

What is the leading cause of death for infants aged $6-12$ months?

Unintentional injury.

What is the typical daily intake of breastmilk or formula for an infant?

$18-21$ oz / day.

What vision condition should preschoolers be screened for to prevent amblyopia?

Strabismus.

What is the leading cause of many motor vehicle-related injuries in the school-age population?

Increased independence and risk-taking.

What vaccine is recommended at $11-12$ years of age?

HPV vaccine.

Common school-age health concerns include iron deficiency anemia caused by what factors?

Rapid growth, poor iron intake, malaria, and hookworm infection.

Define 'Disability' as per the lesson context.

Influenced by impairment and the social/environmental context; occurs when participation is limited.

What are the leading causes of death in adolescents?

Injuries or pregnancy risks.

What eating disorder is characterized by binge-purge cycles?

Bulimia.

What are the common warning signs of adolescent suicide?

Withdrawal, sadness, poor school performance, sleep/appetite changes, loneliness, and verbalizing suicidal thoughts.

Which specific adult population is at higher risk for injury, pregnancy, and mental health issues due to poverty and trauma?

Minority adolescents.

What are the primary causes of death in Middle Adulthood?

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs).

What is the focus of prevention for years lived with disability (YLD) in middle adulthood?

Musculoskeletal disorders (e.g., low back pain).

What is 'polypharmacy'?

The use of multiple medications, which risk side effects and nonadherence in older adults.

What vision change involving loss of near vision is common in late adulthood?

Presbyopia.

What is 'Validation therapy' for older adults?

Accepting feelings without correcting confusion.

What is the 'dependency ratio'?

The number of dependents (young and old) per working adult.

What is 'Reminiscence therapy' used for?

Supporting identity and coping by recalling the past.

What is the 'Aging Transition'?

A shift toward an increased percentage of older adults and a decreased percentage of children.

What is considered a 'Good death' in end-of-life care?

Free from suffering and supported socially, spiritually, and emotionally.

What is the leading cause of death in adolescents related to vehicles?

Motor vehicle accidents.

At what age does the posterior fontanelle close?

$2-3$ months.

What Piaget stage is characterized by logical thinking and understanding conservation?

Concrete operational stage.

Which Erikson stage corresponds to the toddler years?

Autonomy and independence (Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt).

What is the typical sleep requirement for an infant including naps?

$9-11$ hours plus $1-2$ naps.

What is the approximate daily caloric requirement for a preschooler?

$1800$ kcal / day.

By what age does writing and pen control typically develop in Middle Childhood?

$6$ years.

What is the 'median age' of a population?

The middle age of the population.

Identify the four leading diseases mentioned that contribute to chronic conditions in older adults.

Heart disease, Cancer, COPD, and Stroke.