Growth of Big Science

How did Bacon see natural philosophers?

Merchants of light - relief of mans estate

When was the Royal Society founded?

1660

When was the Academie des sciences founded?

1666

What values was the RS based on?

Baconian empiricism

Did the RS have funding?

No

What alternatives to the RS had funding?

Royal Observatory + Astronomer Royal

Points about RS

Apolitical space, disseminated results

Why was the Academie des sciences founded and by whom?

Under patronage of Louis XVI

Why was the AS founded?

To aid the government in scientific issues

How was the AS organised?

Apolitically and hierachically

19th Century France

Centrally controlled science through state - Ecole Polytechnic

Germany 19th Century

First research universities training new gen of scientists

Professionalisation

Development of knowledge based occupational groups conferring status on their members qua members

Features of Professionalisation

Control over entry and exit + over conditions of work

Weinberg coining term 1961

Big Science

Hughes quote 20th C

almost every aspect of science has changed

Science became an organised human activity in

17th C

When was science Professionalised?

19th C

Post 1945 UK what set up

Advisory Council in scientific policy

Did the council change much?

Decisions still dispersed across Whitehall

1950’s UK

Growth in Gov science and technology support

1959 Uk

Minister of Science created

Golden Age of science

Flanagan and Keenan

When did science gain autonomy to run itself

1960’s

Science was a in the 60s

Motor of progress

White Heat of Technology

1964

Did scientific budget increase in the 60s?

Yes

The Endless Frontier

1945 - Assumption that basic research would be neglected so must be protected

When did research costs increase?

Late 60s early 70s

Social concern

Silent Spring, Vietnam War

Economic decline in the West

Oil crisis and recession

Key policy late 60s

Prioritisation and selectivity

What was prioritised in the late 60s

Nuclear physics and space

Accountability in science

Early 70s

Rothschild Report

1971

Rothschild report summary

Emphasis on coordinating policy across government

Uk central research priority 80s

Industrial innovation as opposed to university