spark's skibidi six seven study set

doing a chemistry

Formal Names for all groups

1: Alkali Metals

2: Alkali Earth Metals

3: Boron Group

4: Carbon group/ crystallogen (c → carbon)

5: Pnictogens (nic → nitrogen)

6: Chalcogens

7: Halogens

8: Noble Gases

Most abundant metal/non-metal in Earth/atmosphere/human body?

Oxygen is the most abundant non-metal while Al is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust/atmosphere/oceans. Body: 68% mass percent, Oxygen: 49.2% mass percent

Al: 7.5% mass percent

Various periodic trends

Reactivity of elements w/ water is inverse to metallic character

G1 Fun facts

• Most reactive metals

• Strong bases

• Stored under an inert liquid, eg Diesel, kerosene,

Which elements are important for muscle/nerve?

Na/K (Na K pump; 3Na out of cell and 2K in cell powers action potentials/muscles)

Group 1 Methods of prep

First 3: Electrolysis of their chloride salts, Last 2 treatment with H2 gas

What is an oxide/peroxide/superoxide

Charges are as follows: -2,-1,-1/2.

BONUS (Group 1):
Oxide: Li

Peroxide: Na, H

Superoxide: K, Rb, Cs

Primary source of hydrogen (industrial + natural)

• Industrial: Reaction of methane w/ water at high temps and pressures (Ni catalyst)

• E lysis of water

Haber process

Artificial fixation of ammonia; killed and helped millions via ammonia gas/fertilizer

3 types of hydrides

Ionic, covalent (eg. h2o), metallic (interstitial)

Metallic: TM treated w/ H, think as a bank for H

Group 2 Fun facts

• All basic oxides EXCEPT Be (lil of both)

Sr Ba Ca represents what

These are reactive with water, the other two aren’t

Two uses for Mg ions

Muscles and Metabolism

Cold water contains which ions and are treated with what?

Contain mg2+, ca2+, treated with na+ (this is what makes water so tasty)

Boron Group Fun facts

• Boron hydrides are VERY reactive

• Boron dimerizes a lot

• Nonreactive with water (so kitchenware applications)

Methods of preperation

-Al: treatment of bauxite by cryolite

Ga properties (2)

• Expands when cold, so used in thermometers

• Big liquid range

Key Group 3 Reactions (2)

• Reactions:

  • 2M + 3X₂ → 2MX₃ , X₂ = halogen molecule, Tl gives TlX but no TlX₃

  • 4M + 3O₂ → 2M₂O₃ at high temps, Tl gives Tl₂S

Group 4 Fun Facts

• Sn is quite soft

• Make 4 covalent bonds to nonmetals (eg CARBON!!!! OCHEM!!! AMAZING!!)

Ge/Tin/Lead Fun Facts

• Ge: semiconductors

• Lead: toxic, pencils & car batteries

• Tin: SnCl2 famous reducing agent

Nitrogen Fun Facts

• Nitrogen biggest part of atmopshere, used as inert environment for rxns

• Can pi bond

• Can be used for explosives TNT

• Toxic NO and NO2 rendered safe by cata converter (Pd, Pt)

Ammonia & Hydrazine

Toxic and colorless

Used in WWI

Fertilizer

Hydrazine:

• Powerful reducing agent

• Pyrophoric

• VERY TOXIC

Nitrogen Oxides (+1 → +5 states)

N2o:

• Laughing gas

• Sedation

• Absorbs IR

NO
- Unique neurotransmitter, vasodilator

Nitric Acid:

• Strong oxidizing agent (used in explosives)

• Ostwald process

  • Usually, it is about 50%, but to raise concentration to 95% you need a hydrating agent (concentrated sulfuric acid)

• Synthesized by the Ostwald process

Why do P/N have such diff properties?

N is smaller, so more pi bonds, so vastly different properties

P common molecules

• Phosphides - Na3P, Ca3P

  • Produce phosphine in water (PH3)

    • Colorless, toxic, similar to ammonia

• Orthophosphoric acid (h3po4) (weak acid, dehydrating agent)

• Fertilizers!

2 most common P oxides

P4o6, o10. o10 formed in excess oxygen, o6 is not.

Chalcogens (Defining element: oxygen)

• 21% by volume (atmos)

• Paramagnetic

Ozone

• Highly toxic, protects from UVB light

• Powerful oxidizing agent - kills bacteria, h2o treatment. (Pros: no toxicity left, cons can recontaminate)

• Made by putting electricity in pure O2

Sulfur

• Present in nature (yellow, in many ores)

• Frasch process- high pressure water forced down which forces sulfur up)

• Ez pz to extract 😄

• Elemental form S8

Oxides & oxyacids of Sulfur

• SO: unstable

• SO2

  • Made when sulfur is burned in air

  • Smells horrible absolutely dreadful

• SO3

  • So2 + o2 -> this

• All good antibacterial agents, preservatives 

• Inverse pros/cons as ozone (this: pros no recontamination, cons might be toxic)

• Sulfuric acid

• Uses:

  • Lead acid batteries

  • Dehydrating agent

Halogens

• High reactivities

• High electronegs

Halogens methods of prep

Chlorine: NaCl electrolysis

Hydrogen Halides

HI > HBr > HCl > HF

Halogen oxyacids

• Except F: combine w/ O to make oxyacids

• Perchloric: oxidizing agent

• Hypochlorous acid:

  • Strong oxidizing agent, in bleach

• Chlorate salt: oxidizing agent in weed killers, fireworks, explosives, etc

• Common oxidation: -1

Noble Gases

• Unreactive (EXCEPT Xe: insane radius lets it have SOME reactivity)

• Helium:

  • Coolant, used in NMR/MRI to shield magnetism

  • Argon:

• Noncorrosive atmosphere in incandescent bulbs

  • Increases tungsten lifespan

• Inert atmosphere

• Krypton/Xenon

  • Form stable compounds e.g xenon tetrafluoride