Fundamentals of Nursing: Activity and Exercise

Comprehensive practice questions based on the Fundamentals of Nursing lecture on Activity, Exercise, Immobility, and Patient Positioning.

How does the transcript distinguish between 'Activity' and 'Exercise'?

Activity is bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles during daily living, whereas Exercise is planned, structured, and repetitive physical activity performed to improve fitness and health.

What is the primary definition of 'Body Mechanics'?

Body mechanics involves the coordinated use of muscles, bones, and joints to promote safe movement, improve efficiency, and reduce the risk of injury.

What are four key principles of proper body mechanics mentioned in the notes?

1. Maintain a wide base of support; 2. Keep the center of gravity low by flexing knees and hips; 3. Use large muscle groups (legs are stronger than the back); 4. Avoid twisting by turning the whole body instead.

What are the three types of Range of Motion (ROM) exercises?

Active ROM (performed independently by the client), Passive ROM (performed by another person such as a nurse), and Active-assisted ROM (involves partial assistance).

How does nutrition specifically support activity and exercise according to the transcript?

Nutrition provides energy for movement, while protein specifically supports muscle maintenance and repair.

What are the three categories of exercise benefits mentioned?

Physical health (strength and endurance), psychological well-being (stress reduction and mood improvement), and disease prevention (lowering chronic illness risk).

What musculoskeletal complications can result from prolonged immobility?

Muscle atrophy, contractures (stiff joints), bone demineralization (osteoporosis risk), and foot drop.

What are the respiratory effects of immobility?

Decreased lung expansion, pooling of secretions, risk of atelectasis (alveolar collapse), and increased risk of pneumonia.

What cardiovascular risks are associated with inactivity?

Orthostatic hypotension (blood pressure drops during position changes), venous stasis, and thrombus formation (blood clots).

Which urinary complications may develop due to immobility?

Urinary stasis, increased risk of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), urinary retention, and risk of renal calculi (kidney stones).

How does immobility affect the gastrointestinal system?

It leads to decreased appetite, reduced peristalsis, constipation, and risk of fecal impaction.

What psychoneurologic effects are associated with limited movement and interaction?

Changes in mood (anxiety, depression, irritability), reduced sensory stimulation, sleep disturbances, and social isolation.

On which side should a client use a cane for proper support?

A cane should be used on the stronger side of the body to support weak extremities.

What is a critical safety warning regarding the use of crutches?

Weight should be supported by the hands; pressure on the axilla may damage nerves.

Define the Semi-Fowler's and High Fowler's positions by their angles.

Semi-Fowler's involves elevating the head of the bed to $30\text{--}45^{\circ}$, while High Fowler's is $60\text{--}90^{\circ}$.

What is the Sim's position and its common use?

The client lies on the left side, partially prone, with one leg sharply flexed; it is commonly used for rectal interventions.

Which position is preferred for clients experiencing respiratory distress or dyspnea?

The Orthopneic position, where the client sits upright and leans forward with arms supported on pillows or a table.

What is the difference between the Trendelenburg and Reverse Trendelenburg positions?

In Trendelenburg, the head is lower than the feet to promote venous return; in Reverse Trendelenburg, the head is elevated to improve respiratory function and reduce gastric reflux.

Describe the Lithotomy position.

The client lies on their back with legs elevated and feet supported in stirrups, used primarily for pelvic examinations.

What is the Jackknife position?

The client lies prone with hips elevated so the body forms an inverted $V$-shape; it is used during surgical procedures to expose the rectal area.

What does the term 'Ambulation' refer to in a clinical setting?

Ambulation refers to walking activity, which promotes independence and prevents complications of immobility.