General Science Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering General Science Units 1 through 9, including CER, Matter, Periodic Table, Bonding, Chemical Reactions, Biomolecules, Enzymes, and Cell Transport.

In a CER (Claim Evidence Reasoning) model, a __________ is defined as a statement that answers the question.

claim

Scientific data or details that support a claim are referred to as __________.

evidence

The __________ in a CER explanation explains how or why the evidence supports the claim.

reasoning

The part of an experiment that is intentionally changed by the scientist is the __________ variable.

independent

The part of an experiment that is purposely left unchanged to ensure a fair test is the __________ variable.

control

The atomic number of Cobalt ($Co$) represents the number of __________, which is $27$.

protons

To determine the mass of an atom's nucleus, you add the number of __________ and __________.

protons, neutrons

A __________ is a particle located in the nucleus with a positive charge and a mass of $11\,amu$.

proton

An __________ is a particle located outside the nucleus in energy levels with a negative charge and negligible mass.

electron

The first electron energy level can hold a maximum of __________ electrons.

2

If the number of electrons in an atom changes, the atom becomes an __________, which is an atom with a charge.

ion

A __________ is a substance made of two or more different atoms joined chemically.

compound

In a solution, the substance that does the dissolving is the __________ and the substance being dissolved is the __________.

solvent, solute

In Country Time Lemonade, water acts as the __________.

solvent

The total number of oxygen atoms in the expression $4H_2SO_4$ is __________.

16

The density of pure water is __________.

$$1\,g/ml$$

If an object's density is $1.5\,g/ml$, it will __________ when placed in sugar water with a density of $1.4\,g/ml$.

sink

The physical property describing the ability to hammer a metal into a shape without breaking is __________.

malleability

The physical property describing the shininess of a metal is __________.

luster

A substance that does not allow heat or electricity to pass through easily is called an __________.

insulator

The property that allows a substance to be drawn into a thin wire is __________.

ductility

The horizontal rows on the periodic table are called __________.

periods

The vertical columns on the periodic table are called __________ or families.

groups

Elements located on the right side of the periodic table that tend to gain electrons are __________.

nonmetals

A chemical bond involving the transfer of electrons between a metal and a nonmetal is an __________ bond.

ionic

A chemical bond involving the sharing of electrons between two nonmetals is a __________ bond.

covalent

A molecule with electrically charged ends is called a __________ molecule.

polar

The property of water molecules sticking to each other is known as __________.

cohesion

Water is known as the __________ __________ because it can dissolve many different substances.

universal solvent

The bond formed between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of a different water molecule is a __________ bond.

hydrogen

In the chemical equation $2H_2O + O_2 \rightarrow 2H_2O_2$, the number 2 in front of $H_2O$ is called a __________.

coefficient

Substances that taste sour and produce $H^+$ ions in solution are __________.

acids

Substances that feel slippery, taste bitter, and produce $OH^-$ ions are __________.

bases

A neutralization reaction between an acid and a base produces __________ and __________.

water, salt

The element that is found in all organic/living things is __________.

carbon

The type of metabolism that involves breaking down complex molecules is __________.

catabolic

Proteins are made of monomers called __________ __________.

amino acids

Biomolecules called __________ provide quick energy and are made of monosaccharides.

carbohydrates

Enzymes belong to the biomolecule group known as __________.

proteins

The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the __________ __________.

active site

A protein losing its shape and ability to function due to high temperature or extreme pH is called __________.

denaturation

The movement of water across a membrane toward a higher concentration of solutes is called __________.

osmosis

A __________ solution has a low concentration of solute compared to the inside of a cell.

hypotonic

Active transport requires the use of energy in the form of __________.

ATP

The type of transport where very large molecules are engulfed into a cell is called __________.

endocytosis