A&P 2 FInal Exam🤞🏼

Which of the following leukocytes enters the tissues as a macrophage?

monocyte

Which of the following are phases of hemostasis?

all of the above

Which of the following is the most abundant type of leukocyte?

neutrophils

Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?

hypoxia

Which of the following is true about blood plasma?

Plasma is about 90% water.

Nucleus has two lobes (sunglasses appearance); stains red; contains granules with lysosomal enzymes; function - attacks parasitic worms.

Eosinophil

During hemostasis, which of the following converts the soluble protein fibrinogen to fibrin fibers?

thrombin

Nucleus is multilobed; functions as a phagocyte; contains fine indistinct granules.

Neutrophil

Which is the term used to describe a free-floating thrombus in the bloodstream?

Embolus

Which blood type contains A antigens and anti-B antibodies?

type A

Oxytocin ________

release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

Which of the following increases blood calcium levels?

parathyroid hormone

Which hormone below are antagonists to each other to regulate blood sugar?

glucagon & insulin

If a cell is exposed to a prolonged increase of insulin the cell can respond by decreasing the number of receptors on the cell. This is known as ________

down regulation

Which of the following hormones can pass through the plasma membrane and bind to a receptor within the cell?

cortisol

Oxytocin is produced by the __________.

hypothalamus

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the ___________.

placenta

Which of the following is not a cardinal (major) sign of diabetes mellitus?

All of these are signs.

Which of the following choices relates to hormones that bind to receptors on the surface of target cells?

they are water soluble hormones

Hyposecretion of insulin from the pancreas is a result of which condition?

Diabetes mellitus

Norepinephrine can act both as a neurotransmitter and a hormone.

True

Which of the following causes an increase in the production of RBCs?

low blood oxygen levels.

Which of the following hormones increases blood calcium levels?

Parathyroid Hormone

Which of the following hormones is also a neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system?

Norepinephrine

Which of the following best represents the normal percentage of plasma in a blood sample?

55%

Which of the following organs/glands does not produce a hormone?

Posterior Pituitary

Which WBC resembles Dead Pool or Spiderman?

Eosinophil

The hypersecretion of which hormone is responsible for "Seasonal Affective Disorder?" 

Melatonin

Hypersecretion of which of the following causes acromegaly? 

Growth Hormone 

"Goiter" is a sign of increased production of which hormone? 

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone 

Which of the following glands has both endocrine and exocrine functions? 

Pancreas 

Which of the following is defined as the percentage of RBCs in a blood sample?

hematocrit

A foreign molecule which can invoke the immune response is called a(n):

antigen

Antibodies are produced by cells called:

plasma cells

When comparing arteries and veins, which of the following are true?

arteries have thicker muscle

Which organ is responsible for destroying most red blood cells?

spleen

What is the function of IgE?

Bonds to the mast cell and causes histamine release

Which of the following is the primary benefit of the adaptive immune response?

The ability to Recognize, Respond to, and Remember a variety of pathogens

Upon re-exposure to the same pathogen, a _________ is generated, which is both stronger and faster that the initial response of the immune system.

secondary adaptive immune response

Hormones such as _________ (naturally produced by the adrenal cortex) and prednisone (synthetic) are well known for their abilities to suppress T cell immune mechanisms, hence, their prominent use in medicine as long-term, anti-inflammatory drugs.

cortisol

What is the largest single organ of the lymphatic system?

Spleen

Which cell does HIV target that makes it so deadly?

Helper T-cell

During the plateau phase ________.

calcium enters the cardiac muscle cells

A __________ refers to death of heart muscle cells.

Myocardial Infarction

Tissues damaged by a myocardial infarction are eventually replaced by connective tissue and cannot contract.

True

What is the scientific term for the ability to stretch and recoil within an artery?

Compliance

Which term describes an area other than the SA node generating an impulse that leads to a premature contraction?

Ectopic focus

Blood enters the right atrium as it leaves which vessels?

venae cavae

The papillary muscles contract in order to take up the slack on the chordae tendineae before the full force of ventricular contractions sends blood upward, closing the flaps of the AV valves

True

Which portion of the Cardiac Conduction System carries the impulse into the interventricular septum?

AV bundle (Bundle of His)

The pacemaker of the heart is the ___________________

SA node

Which vessels are the sites of the greatest resistance in the entire vascular network?

arterioles

Which of the following is not one of the three primary factors influencing blood pressure?

conscious control via the cerebral cortex

Which is the largest artery of the body?

Aorta

Which of the following demonstrates the correct sequence in the delivery of blood through the pulmonary circuit (from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart)?

right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, and left atrium

Which vessel is most commonly used to measure blood pressure on an initial visit to a physician's office?

Brachial artery

Which hormones help regulate blood volume and pressure?

Each of the hormones listed play a role in regulating blood volume and blood pressure

Which group of vessels contains the least amount of blood?

capillaries

Lymph leaves a lymph node via ________.

efferent lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic capillaries are ________.

more permeable than blood capillaries

____________ is the name given to the protein-rich interstitial fluid after it moves into the lymphatic vessels.

Lymph

In which group of blood vessels is the pulsation lost?

Meaning these vessels are the first location where there is no longer a difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures?

Capillaries

Blood pressure decreases the most as the blood moves through which group of vessels?

Arterioles

Which is the first branch of the aortic arch?

Brachiocephalic trunk

Which of the following terms is used to describe an abnormal sound heard while listening to a blood vessel?

Bruit

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________

ciliated mucous lining in the nose

Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture

True

The functional residual capacity is ________.

the total amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

medulla and pons

Which of the following cells are composed of simple squamous epithelium?

Type I Alveolar cells

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.

nspiratory reserve

Complete the following statement using the choices below.Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?

number of red blood cells

A primary factor responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall is ________

the surface tension of the fluid within the pleural cavity 

The lungs are perfused by two circulations:the pulmonary and the bronchial.The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood.The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).

True

Which of the following conditions is not a COPD?

Pneumonia

A patient with a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease would have difficulty ___________________?

breathing out

Which mechanism is responsible for transporting most of the carbon dioxide in the blood?

it is carried as the bicarbonate ion

What does a right shift in the oxygen/hemoglobin dissociation curve tell us?

more oxygen is released to the tissues

The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the _______

connective tissue of the mucosa (lamina propria)

Each of the following is a characteristic of the large intestine except ________

it is longer than the small intestine

Intestinal crypts ________.

contain cells (Paneth cells) that secrete chemicals, which kill bacteria

Peyer's patches are found in the submucosa of the distal end of the small intestine (ileum

True

If the liver were severely damaged, digestion of which of the following would be affected the most?

lipids

Dentin anchors the tooth in place

False

Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion.

Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth.

Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?

parietal cells

The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, are regulated by the ________.

hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi)

Which of the following enzymes digests proteins?

trypsin

The Krebs cycle is _______________.

aerobic

When oxygen is not sufficiently present within the cytoplasm during glycolysis, NADH unloads its hydrogen. The hydrogen is picked up by the pyruvic acid, which becomes ____________.

lactic acid

In cellular respiration, how many ATP molecules are produced for each glucose molecule completely metabolized by cellular respiration when oxygen is present?

36/38

Oxidative phosphorylation is _______________.

aerobic

Peristaltic movements are small segmental contractions in the digestive tract that simply mix chyme.

False

Lipids leaving the lumen of the small intestine are absorbed by:

lacteals

Ducts coming from the pancreas, liver and gall bladder open into the duodenum through the sphincter of Oddi.

True

Which location contains the lowest percentage of the water within an extracellular compartment of the human body?

plasma

Which of the following pH levels represents the condition termed alkalosis?

7.50

The body's water volume is most closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?

sodium ions

Atrial natriuretic hormone causes which of the following to occur?

a decrease in blood pressure