Philosophy Final - PHIL1001

Art and beauty are primarily topics within social philosophy

false

According to Aristotle, Pythagroas claimed that all things were made out of numbers

true

If i refute a view that isn't your view and claim to have refuted you, then i have committed the "straw man" fallacy

true

Critical thinking skills that come with the practice of philosophizing can stand one in good stead when faced with the problems life generously provides.

true

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that deals with question about being and reality

false

Pythagoras is famous for the remark attributed to him, "you cannot step in the same river twice"

false

Metaphysics, the theory of knowledge, is the branch of philosophy concerned with questions related to knowledge.

false

_____________ is defined as the philosophical study of art and of value judgements about art.

Aesthetics

Which of the following branched of philosophy does NOT involve questions related to values?

Metaphysics

In philosophy, what is an argument?

Giving reasons for a belief.

Thinking that a person's position is frightening because the person himself is frightening would be an obvious mistake in reasoning. this is an example of the fallacy of ____________

argumentum ad hominem

The fallacy of ___________ occurs when someone brings an irrelevancy into a conversation.

red herring

The fallacy of ___________ amounts to transferring the qualities of spokesperson to his or her insights, arguments, beliefs, or positions.

argumentum ad hominem

What fallacy is it when an argument assumes only two options when in fact there are more?

false dilemma

Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and fundamental properties of _________

being

Who among the following were regarded as the Atomists?

leucippus and democritus

Which is a theme common to all the pre-socratics?

The experienced world is a manifestation of a more fundamental underlying reality

Epistemology is the branch that explores the sources, nature, limits, and criteria of ____________

knowledge

Thales, Anaximenes, and Anaximander are collectively know as the _______________

Milesians

According to Theano, what did Pythagoras claim?

Everything is in accordance with number.

What was the essence of reality for Heraclitus?

change

What is the reality according to a follower of Parmenides?

one and unchanging

According to Empedocles, which of the following is the cause of change?

love and strife

Which of the following statements is true about Anaxagoras?

he introduced into metaphysics as an important distinction, that between matter and mind.

Which of the following statements is true about Empedocles?

He thought that true reality is permanent and unchangeable yet he also thought it is absurd to dismiss the change one experiences as mere illusion

Anaximander refused to identify the basic stuff with any observable substance.

true

Zeno tried to refute Parmenides's claim that being does not change

false

The view that future states and events are completely determined by preceding states and events is called determinism

true

Cratylus thought that one couldn't step into the same river even once.

true

Protagoras was rejecting absolute knowledge when he said that man is measure of all things

true

Plato believed that some forms, especially the Forms "truth", "beauty", and "goodness", are of a higher order than other Forms.

true

sometimes Platos Forms are referred to as Ideas, and the Theory of Forms is also said to be the Theory of Ideas.

true

The socratic/dialect method is a search for the proper definition of a thing, a definition that will not permit refutation under Socratic questioning.

true

Socrates did not merely engage in sophistry- he was not interested in arguing simply for the sake of arguing

true

Aristotle wrote politics

true

In Aristotle's opinion, each thing is combination of matter and form

true

the most famous dialogue of Plato is____________, from the so-called middle period of Plato's writings, during which Plato reached the peak of his genius.

the Republic

Which of the following dialogues of Plato gives the best-known account of the Theory of Forms?

the Republic

What did Socrates hope to achieve by practicing the Socratic method?

He wanted to detect misconceptions and reveal them by asking the right questions

which of the following statements would Plato have a greed with?

The senses are a source of error, illusion, and ignorance

plato's three famous theories are as follows:

The theory of knowledge, the theory of love and becoming, and the theory of forms

when the Delphi oracle pronounce Socrates to be the wisest of people Socrates thought the pronouncement referred to the fact that he:

was aware of his ignorance

the term ___________ is owed to Aristotle or at least to those who cataloged his works.

metaphysics

What is a syllogism?

A kind of inference

which of the following is NOT one of the ten basic categories Aristotle used to describe the ways in which humans think about things?

weight

Aristotle believed that humans have _________soul(s), which form(s) a single unity.

three

Aristotle's works include al of the following EXCEPT__________

the Confessions

Which of the following works of Aristotle consisted of six treaties on logic?

the Organum

Which of the following works of Aristotle dealt with natural science?

the Rhetoric

What does Aristotle mean by the efficient cause of a thing?

what made it?

If you want to say what a thing is, which of Aristotle's four cases must you provide?

the formal cause

What did Aristotle say about change?

it is a movement from potentially to actuality.

According to Aristotle, universals exist separately or apart from particulars.

false

Aristotle was the first philosopher to discuss being in terms of existence and essence or, more exactly, in terms of existence and substance.

true

The third man argument is an extension of the Theory of Forms.

false

Aristotle wrote Politics

true

Protagoras was rejecting absolute knowledge when he said that man is the measure of all things.

true

Aristotle sought to define things by determining how a thing is similar to other things and how it is specifically different.

true

Aristotle defined humans as irrational animals

false

Plato believed that us us enough to know the truth

false

Platonic dualism was utterly rejected by early Christianity

false

according to the basic and plausible assumptions followed by Leibniz, The principle of identity of indiscernibles States that there is a sufficient reason why things are exactly as they are in or not otherwise

false

Schopenhauer Believed humans are rational in their actions

false

Empiricists argue that all of our knowledge comes from senes experience

true

David Hume wrote the Critique of Pure Reason

false

Descartes employed skepticism as a method of achieving certainty

true

Hume discovered that he did not experience a cause actually producing an effect

true

According to Rene Descartes, "clarity and distinctness" was a mark of _____________

truth

which of the following claims did Descartes

used to establish the certainty of his own existence?

i think, therefore i am.

some of Descartes's followers proposed A solution to the problem of how the immaterial mind interacts with the material body given that the body is supposed to be subject to physical laws the solution is called _____________

parallelism

which of the following Statements would Thomas Hobbes have accepted?

all psychological states derive ultimately from perception

according to Anne Conway, God

is an eternal creator

The most famous monadology in the history of philosophy is that of_____________

Baron von Leibniz

Anne Conway advocated what sort of metaphysics?

Monadology

what did George Berkeley mean about such things as tables and chairs when he deny the existence of matter?

there are no unperceived tables and chairs

According to David Hume what do we directly observe?

Sense impressions

according to the philosophy of absolute idealism what is the relationship between "being real" and "being knowable"

All reality is knowable

according to Hegel, The highest reality (the absolute) is

An indefinite thought thinking of itself

according to David Hume this self is_________

sequence of perceptions

According to him why can't we have knowledge on the relation of cause-and-effect

We can never observe unnecessary connection between events

According to David Hume why can't past experience justify claims about the future?

We can never know whether or not the future will be like the past

According to Immanuel Kant perception is the:

Application of the organizing principles of the mind to since impressions

According to the Immanuel Kant the world being "noumenal" means the:

World as it is in its self, independent of our experiences

why doesn't Kant think that we Can I have knowledge of the things in themselves?

Because the organizing principles of the mine do not apply to them

Which of the following statements is true about Immanuel Kant

he argued that a stream of sensations could not qualify as experience unless the stream was unified and conceptualized by the mine as the experience of external objects

arguments that attempt to establish some thing as a necessary precondition of the possibility of experience are called _______________

transcendental arguments

Dualism

the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact

Idealism

A theory of international relations that focuses on the hope the nations will act together to solve international problems and promote peace.

Materialism

attention to worldly things and neglect of spiritual needs

Copernicus Argued that the mind imposes certain categories on objects of experience and that this is what makes it possible to have knowledge of the world of experience

false

Representative realism holds that all of our perceptions of an external object or accurate copies of the object

false

from the perspective of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, the cosmos and its history are the concrete expressions of thought

true

For Hegel, nothing is completely real or true except the whole of reality, the Absolute.

true

Leibniz and Newton, independent of each other developed calculus and at the time there was bitter controversy over who did so first

true

The absolute idealist refused to except Kant's belief in and unknowable reality

true

According to Schopenhauer the will structures the phenomenal world

true

For Berkeley no sensible object can exist unperceived

true

hobbs would maintain that the Greenway experience when seeing a green lawn is in fact in the particles making up the lawn

false

For Foucault, genealogy wasn't about power; it was about knowledge

false

In Jurgen Habermas's ideal speech situation, only those with the knowledge of and respect for the controlling ideology of a society should be allowed to participate in a debate

false