CRISPR AND GENE TO PROTEIN FLASHCARDS
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33 Terms
What does CRISPR stand for?
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
What is CRISPR used for in bacteria?
It acts as an immune system to defend against viruses
What does Cas9 do?
Cuts DNA (both strands
What is crRNA?
RNA that guides Cas9 to the matching DNA sequence
What is tracrRNA?
Helps form crRNA and attaches it to Cas9
What is sgRNA?
A combined crRNA + tracrRNA used in biotechnology
Step 1 – How does CRISPR recognize a virus?
Cas1 & Cas2 cut viral DNA and insert it into CRISPR as a spacer
Step 2 – What happens to the CRISPR DNA?
It is transcribed into RNA
Step 3 – What forms from this RNA?
crRNA (guide RNA
Step 4 – What is formed?
crRNA + tracrRNA + Cas9 enzyme
Step 5 – What does the combination do?
Scans DNA for a matching sequence
What happens when a match is found?
Cas9 cuts the DNA
What is the result?
The virus is destroyed
How do bacteria “remember” viruses?
They store viral DNA as spacers in CRISPR
How is CRISPR used in biotechnology?
Scientists program it to edit genes
What can CRISPR do in biotech?
Insert DNA
Delete DNA
Change DNA
GENE → PROTEIN FLASHCARDS🔹 Overview
Q: What is gene expression?
The process of turning DNA into proteins
Transcription
Q: Where does transcription happen?
Nucleus
What happens in transcription?
DNA → mRNA
What enzyme is used in transcription?
RNA polymerase
What happens to mRNA before leaving nucleus?
It is modified (splicing, etc.)
Translation
Q: Where does translation happen?
Ribosome
What happens in translation?
mRNA → protein/amino acids
What is mRNA?
A: Carries genetic code from DNA
What is tRNA?
Brings amino acids
What is a ribosome?
Builds the protein
What is a codon?
3-base sequence on mRNA
What does a codon do?
Codes for an amino acid
PRACTICE EXAM ANSWERS (
Q: What does CRISPR do in bacteria
A:
CRISPR functions as an immune system in bacteria by protecting them from viruses. It stores pieces of viral DNA as spacers, allowing the bacteria to recognize and destroy the virus if it attacks again.
How does CRISPR work?
CRISPR works by first storing viral DNA. When the virus attacks again, the CRISPR sequence is transcribed into RNA, which guides the Cas9 enzyme to the matching viral DNA. Cas9 then cuts the DNA, stopping the infection.
How is CRISPR used in biotechnology?
Scientists use CRISPR as a gene-editing tool by designing guide RNA to target specific DNA sequences. This allows them to cut and modify genes by inserting, deleting, or changing DNA.
CRISPR MAIN IDEA
Store DNA → make RNA → guide Cas9 → cut DNA → kill virus
Gene to Protein: MAIN IDEA
DNA → mRNA → protein