anthro quiz 5 v.2

Yawar Mayu

“River of blood”; ritual bloodshed seen as life-giving force in Runa cosmology that feeds the earth (Pachamama) and maintains balance.

Chansanakuy

A secular social practice involving competitive joking/insult exchanges that reflect social tensions and relationships.

Tinkuy

A ritualized encounter or meeting of opposites (people, groups, forces) that creates balance and unity.

Tinku

A physical, often violent ritual battle between groups; a form of tinkuy that produces blood offerings.

1980 Sonqo pilgrimage disaster

It became disorderly and excessive, losing ritual structure and meaning, turning into uncontrolled conflict rather than meaningful ritual.

Competitive performance in ritual

Enhances ritual power (sami) by increasing intensity, emotional energy, and participation.

Communitas

A feeling of unity and equality among participants during ritual, temporarily dissolving social hierarchies.

Yawar Mayu production

Produced through ritual fighting (tinku) where blood is spilled.

Who Yawar Mayu feeds

It feeds Pachamama (Mother Earth), ensuring fertility and balance.

Tinkuy role in religion

Maintains cosmic balance through interaction of opposites.

Tinkuy role in ayllu

Keeps the community socially and politically unified.

Antistructure

A temporary suspension or reversal of normal social rules during ritual.

Chansanakuy meaning

A form of “deep play” where social roles, tensions, and hierarchies are acted out through humor.

Deep play

Activities that symbolically express important social values and structures.

Pachakuti

A major world reversal or transformation; a turning point in cosmic and social order.

Castellanokuna

Spanish-speaking outsiders or non-indigenous people.

What happened to the Inca

They were overthrown by the Spanish but are believed by Runa to return in the future.

Luis’s pachakuti belief

A future return of the Inca that will restore proper order.

How Inca recognize Runakuna

Through cultural practices like coca use and traditional ways of life.

Runa identity (etic view)

Not pure Inca descendants but shaped by historical and colonial processes.

Coca pre-contact role

Sacred plant used in ritual and religion by the Inca.

Coca as identity marker

After Spanish conquest, it became a symbol of indigenous identity.

Missionary view of coca

Discouraged its use because it was tied to indigenous religious practices.

Spanish attitude toward coca

Saw it as primitive but tolerated it for labor productivity.

Why coca access increased

It was used to sustain indigenous labor in mines and plantations.

Why coca was accepted

It supported economic productivity and became necessary for labor systems.

Physiological effect of coca

Increases energy, reduces hunger, and helps with altitude adaptation.

Western equivalent of coca

Caffeine (like coffee).

Who created cocaine

Western scientists in the 19th century refined coca into cocaine.

Early cocaine use

Used medically and socially; seen as beneficial.

1920s cocaine laws

Declared illegal as a narcotic in the US and Europe.

1961 Single Convention goal

To eliminate or control narcotic drugs including coca and cocaine.

Effect of cocaine trade on Runa

Negative impacts due to global demand; outsiders profit while locals face consequences.

Runa view on drug trade

They resent association of coca with cocaine and external control.

Rufina’s children (general)

They pursue mixed lifestyles, balancing traditional and modern economic activities.

Runa meaning

“Person” or “human being.”

Indio meaning

A stigmatized identity associated with poverty and marginalization.

Shift in identity

People move toward Mestizo identity due to social and economic pressures.

Attitudes toward Mestizos

More positive due to integration and economic interaction.

Ayni change

Declining importance of reciprocal labor.

Wage labor change

Becoming more important than traditional cooperation.

Agrarian Reform

Redistribution of land that broke up traditional community structures.

Effect on ayllu

It weakened the large community-based system.

Cash crops negative effects

Reduced cooperation and increased economic inequality.

Surt’i system

A traditional exchange system involving animals and agricultural products.

Decline of surt’i

Caused by cash economy and reduced animal herds.

Animal herd decline

Caused by economic and environmental changes.

Development projects

New infrastructure and economic programs introduced by outside forces.

Effect of development

Weakened traditional social organization.

Housing changes

Shift to modern materials and individualized homes.

Lote vs wasitira

Lote = private land ownership; wasitira = traditional communal understanding of home/land.

Religious conversion

Caused by dissatisfaction with traditional beliefs and social issues.

Alcoholism and Protestantism

Protestantism discourages drinking, attracting those affected by alcohol issues.

Sector-level ayllus

Smaller community units focused on localized cooperation.

Women’s lives

Becoming more mobile and involved in economic activities.

Faena

Communal labor that still persists.

Q’uncha

Traditional cooking/hearth practices that remain culturally important.

Coca importance (modern)

Still central to identity and daily life.

Tinku (video)

Ritual fighting event in Bolivia where blood is offered to Pachamama.

Purpose of Tinku (video)

Ensure fertility, agricultural success, and balance with nature.

Pachamama (video)

Mother Earth deity who requires offerings like blood.

Violence in ritual (video)

Seen as sacred and necessary, not random or chaotic.

Community participation (video)

Entire communities gather, reinforcing identity and tradition.

Modern challenges (video)

Government regulation and outside criticism conflict with tradition.

Cultural survival (video)

Rituals like tinku persist despite globalization and external pressure.