41 prac

Which food items are typical of an herbivorous diet?

nuts, leaves, berries

Which of the following is acquired outside of an animal's diet?

oxygen

Animals need two types of organic precursors from their food, __________, to serve as the raw materials for the synthesis of larger organic molecules.

organic carbon and organic nitrogen

A breakfast cereal advertises that it contains essential vitamins and minerals. In this context, the word essential means _________

that the nutrients must be supplied in the diet and cannot be made in the body

Which of the following are considered essential nutrients: (1) certain carbohydrates, (2) certain fatty acids, (3) certain amino acids, and/or (4) cholesterol?

2 and 3

In general, B vitamins function in your body as _______

coenzymes

B vitamins should be consumed daily, but A vitamins can be consumed more sporadically. Why is this true?

Vitamin A can be stored in the body fat, but B vitamins are not stored by the body.

The fat-soluble vitamins include __________.

vitamins A, D, E, and K

__________ are needed in the diet as components of teeth and bone, as parts of certain enzymes, for normal muscle and nerve function, and for water balance.

Minerals

An insufficient supply of chemical energy in the diet or a shortage of one or more essential nutrients results in which of the following?

malnutrition

Despite long days grazing on tall grasses, several of the cattle released into a new pasture have oddly shaped or broken legs and often lay down. These cattle might be suffering from __________.

phosphorus deficiency

Which of the following statements about nutrition and digestion is true?

During absorption, small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars are absorbed.

Which of the following statements is true

Ingestion is the act of eating.

Which of the following animals has a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening?

hydra

Which of the following animals uses only intracellular digestion?

sponge

In vertebrates, food is moved along the length of the digestive system by _________

peristalsis

Chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins in the __________ with the action of __________.

mouth ... salivary amylase

The tongue does all of the following EXCEPT __________

secrete saliva

How is the stomach lining protected from the strongly acidic pH of its contents?

Mucous cells secrete a protective lubricant into the stomach.

Which of the following statements regarding protein digestion is true?

Active pepsin is formed in the lumen of the stomach, where it helps to break down protein

Which of the following might make the most effective anti-ulcer medication?

a chemical that kills bacteria in the stomach

Acid chyme _________

contains food and gastric juice and moves through the pyloric sphincter

Which of the following processes, structures, or conditions are properly matched?

acid chyme backflow ... heartburn

In humans, most nutrient molecules are absorbed by the _______

small intestine

The liver and pancreas add their secretions to the partially digested food produced in the stomach, in the __________ of the small intestine.

duodenum

Most digestive enzymes function in the _______

small intestine

The natural antacid that protects the intestines against stomach acid is produced by the _____

pancreas

Pepsin is an enzyme produced in the stomach that attacks proteins to break them down into smaller peptide molecules. Which of the following statements about this enzyme is true?

Pepsin will cease to function in the small intestine as basic secretions from the pancreas neutralize the pH.

Gallstone surgery sometimes requires that the gallbladder be removed. Patients are then advised to avoid ingesting large amounts of fat because __________.

the gallbladder stores large quantities of bile, which is used to emulsify fats

The lungs consist of many small air sacs and blood vessels, which greatly increase surface area and improve the transfer of substances through their walls. The structures in the digestive system most similar in function to these air sacs and capillaries are the __________

villi and microvilli

Where does absorption take place in the small intestine?

microvilli

Researchers provided radioactively labeled food to a dog and traced the movement of absorbed molecules. Which type of molecule moved along a path different from all the others?

fats

The lymphatic vessels in the villi absorb and transport ________

chylomicrons

During some types of antibiotic treatments, patients often experience diarrhea because ______

the bacterial flora of the large intestine that normally break down undigested organic material are killed by the antibiotics

Symbiotic bacteria living in our large intestines provide us with ______

vitamins

What relation do indigestible plant fibers, prokaryotes, and vitamins have with the digestive system

They are the contents of the large intestine.

Which of the following is an adaptation to a carnivorous diet?

sharp, pointed teeth

How would you expect the digestive system of a hawk to compare with that of a seed-eating sparrow

The sparrow's digestive system would be longer.

Which of the following animals rely on symbiotic relationships with bacteria to obtain nutrients?

giant tubeworms

termites

rabbits

sheep

Leptin, an appetite regulator, is produced in __________ and at high levels can lead to __________.

adipose tissue ... suppressed appetite

Overnourishment is a direct cause of _______

obesity

Several days after a long holiday weekend including much overeating, you try to cut back on your calories. The first day that you reduce your calorie intake to below the levels that you need, your body will respond by using which of the following

glycogen from the liver

:Every time you eat a cookie or candy bar, your blood sugar increases. This triggers an increase in blood levels of the hormone __________

insulin

Which sequence below correctly describes the maintenance of blood glucose levels?

low blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, glucagon released, breakdown of glycogen in target cells

Type 1 diabetes mellitus _____

is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks beta cells in the pancreas