CDI445 Final9

What does ID stand for?

Intellectual Disability.

What term replaced non-preferred terms such as mental retardation, developmental disability, and cognitive impairment?

Intellectual disability.

What are the core deficits of intellectual disability?

Core deficits include both intellectual and social domains.

When must intellectual disability originate?

Before age 18.

What two areas must show significant limitations for an ID diagnosis?

Intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors.

How were individuals with ID classified before 1960?

They were classified by IQ using terms such as mild, moderate, severe, and profound.

How are individuals with ID classified now?

With more emphasis on a multidimensional view of functioning and support needs.

What are the 5 dimensions of the ecological system of ID?

Intellectual disability, adaptive behavior, participation in social roles, health, and context.

What is Dimension I of the ecological system of ID?

Intellectual disability.

What IQ score is approximately 2 standard deviations below the mean?

About 70.

What is Dimension II of the ecological system of ID?

Adaptive behavior.

What does adaptive behavior include?

Cognitive communication, academic, social, and independent living skills.

What communication skills are part of adaptive behavior?

Social use of language, daily living communication, and reading and writing skills that support independence.

Give examples of daily living communication skills.

Making a phone call and buying groceries.

What is Dimension III of the ecological system of ID?

Participation in social roles.

What does participation in social roles involve?

Directly observing the individual’s participation and interaction in everyday activities.

Why is participation in social roles important?

It contributes to quality of life.

What is Dimension IV of the ecological system of ID?

Health.

What does the health dimension include?

Both physical and mental health.

What is Dimension V of the ecological system of ID?

Context.

What does context describe?

The individual’s family, neighborhood, and community environment.

Why are supports important in ID?

Supports help determine how the individual functions across daily life and environments.

What is the prevalence of intellectual disability?

Approximately 1–3% of the population.

About how many people ages 6–64 had ID according to the PowerPoint?

Around 1.5 million people in 2006.

Does ID occur more frequently in males or females?

Males.

What percentage of school SLP caseloads does ID make up?

About 15%.

Causes of ID vary depending on what two variables?

Timing of the risk factor and type of risk factor.

What is a significant prenatal risk factor for ID?

Genetic makeup.

How many genetic syndromes resulting in ID have experts identified?

More than 750.

Genetic factors are causative in what percentage of ID cases?

About 50%.

Are all genetic syndromes inherited?

No. Some are inherited, while others result from genetic mutations.

What are examples of genetic changes that may cause ID?

Gene duplication and translocation.

Name common syndromes associated with intellectual disability.

Down syndrome, Williams syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome.

Which syndrome is commonly associated with relative vocabulary strengths but weaknesses in morphosyntax?

Down syndrome.

Which syndrome is associated with high-pitched voice, prosody difficulty, and expressive word-finding trouble?

Fragile X syndrome.

Which syndrome is associated with being overly friendly and having pragmatic weaknesses?

Williams syndrome.

Do children with ID usually show a language delay or language disorder pattern before age 10?

They tend to follow a language delay pattern.

Before age 10, how does language generally develop in children with ID?

It generally follows the expected developmental sequence but with reduced quantity of language.

What language differences may appear before age 10 in children with ID?

Shorter sentences, less grammatical sophistication, and reduced vocabulary diversity.

After age 10, what language pattern may appear in children with ID?

More qualitative behaviors may occur, suggesting a language disorder.

Why should children with ID not be generalized as one group?

Because there is wide variation in causes and characteristics depending on etiology.

What does etiology mean?

The cause or origin of a condition.

What is a relative language strength in Down syndrome?

Vocabulary development is generally equivalent or relatively stronger.

What language area is more impaired in Down syndrome?

Morphosyntax, including sentence length and grammar.

What grammatical areas may be difficult for individuals with Down syndrome?

Articles, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, morpheme markings, subordinate clauses, and simple sentence structure.

What are examples of morpheme markings that may be difficult in Down syndrome?

Verb tense and plural forms.

What memory issue can negatively affect language learning in Down syndrome?

Short-term memory deficit.

Are pragmatic skills in Down syndrome consistent or variable?

Variable.

What speech-sound area may be affected in Down syndrome?

Phonology.

What physiological issues may affect speech and language in Down syndrome?

Middle ear infections and reduced respiratory control.

How do receptive skills develop in Fragile X compared to typically developing children?

Receptive skills develop at about one-half the rate of typically developing children.

How do expressive skills develop in Fragile X compared to typically developing children?

Expressive skills develop at about one-third the rate of typically developing children.

What morphosyntax concerns are associated with Fragile X?

Morphosyntax deficiencies and reduced sentence length.

What speech-sound issue is associated with Fragile X?

Phonological impairments.

What voice and prosody characteristics may be seen in Fragile X?

Difficulty with prosody and voice quality, including a high-pitched voice.

What language content area is a relative strength in Fragile X?

Receptive vocabulary is relatively intact.

What expressive language difficulty is associated with Fragile X?

Expressive word-finding trouble.

Are pragmatic skills in Fragile X consistent or variable?

Variable.

What early language skill is delayed in Williams syndrome?

Verbal skills in early childhood.

How does early vocabulary development in Williams syndrome compare to Down syndrome?

Early vocabulary development is similar to Down syndrome.

By adolescence, how may language abilities appear in Williams syndrome?

Language abilities may be equivalent to mental age, and some individuals may have morphosyntax and lexical skills that surpass mental age.

What voice quality is associated with Williams syndrome?

Hoarse voice.

How are articulation and prosody often described in Williams syndrome?

Good articulation and prosody.

What pragmatic weakness is commonly associated with Williams syndrome?

Being “overly friendly.”

What social communication difficulties may occur in Williams syndrome?

Inappropriate eye contact, difficulty introducing topics, poor topic maintenance, inadequate turn-taking, and excessive questioning.

What are the two required areas of limitation for ID diagnosis?

Intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.

What age must symptoms begin before for ID?

Before age 18.

What IQ score is commonly associated with ID criteria?

Around 70, or about 2 standard deviations below the mean.

What dimension includes social use of language and daily living communication?

Adaptive behavior.

What dimension includes physical and mental health?

Health.

What dimension includes family, neighborhood, and community environment?

Context.

What syndrome is linked to morphosyntax weaknesses and short-term memory deficits?

Down syndrome.

What syndrome is linked to high-pitched voice and expressive word-finding problems?

Fragile X syndrome.

What syndrome is linked to overly friendly behavior and pragmatic difficulties?

Williams syndrome.

Why is language in children with ID variable?

Because children with ID can have different causes, syndromes, strengths, and needs.