CDI445 Final9

Intellectual Disability Flashcards

Front: What does ID stand for?
Back: Intellectual Disability.

Front: What term replaced non-preferred terms such as mental retardation, developmental disability, and cognitive impairment?
Back: Intellectual disability.

Front: What are the core deficits of intellectual disability?
Back: Core deficits include both intellectual and social domains.

Front: When must intellectual disability originate?
Back: Before age 18.

Front: What two areas must show significant limitations for an ID diagnosis?
Back: Intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors.

Front: How were individuals with ID classified before 1960?
Back: They were classified by IQ using terms such as mild, moderate, severe, and profound.

Front: How are individuals with ID classified now?
Back: With more emphasis on a multidimensional view of functioning and support needs.

5 Dimensions of the Ecological System of ID

Front: What are the 5 dimensions of the ecological system of ID?
Back: Intellectual disability, adaptive behavior, participation in social roles, health, and context.

Front: What is Dimension I of the ecological system of ID?
Back: Intellectual disability.

Front: What IQ score is approximately 2 standard deviations below the mean?
Back: About 70.

Front: What is Dimension II of the ecological system of ID?
Back: Adaptive behavior.

Front: What does adaptive behavior include?
Back: Cognitive communication, academic, social, and independent living skills.

Front: What communication skills are part of adaptive behavior?
Back: Social use of language, daily living communication, and reading and writing skills that support independence.

Front: Give examples of daily living communication skills.
Back: Making a phone call and buying groceries.

Front: What is Dimension III of the ecological system of ID?
Back: Participation in social roles.

Front: What does participation in social roles involve?
Back: Directly observing the individual’s participation and interaction in everyday activities.

Front: Why is participation in social roles important?
Back: It contributes to quality of life.

Front: What is Dimension IV of the ecological system of ID?
Back: Health.

Front: What does the health dimension include?
Back: Both physical and mental health.

Front: What is Dimension V of the ecological system of ID?
Back: Context.

Front: What does context describe?
Back: The individual’s family, neighborhood, and community environment.

Front: Why are supports important in ID?
Back: Supports help determine how the individual functions across daily life and environments.

Prevalence Flashcards

Front: What is the prevalence of intellectual disability?
Back: Approximately 1–3% of the population.

Front: About how many people ages 6–64 had ID according to the PowerPoint?
Back: Around 1.5 million people in 2006.

Front: Does ID occur more frequently in males or females?
Back: Males.

Front: What percentage of school SLP caseloads does ID make up?
Back: About 15%.

Causation and Risk

Front: Causes of ID vary depending on what two variables?
Back: Timing of the risk factor and type of risk factor.

Front: What is a significant prenatal risk factor for ID?
Back: Genetic makeup.

Front: How many genetic syndromes resulting in ID have experts identified?
Back: More than 750.

Front: Genetic factors are causative in what percentage of ID cases?
Back: About 50%.

Front: Are all genetic syndromes inherited?
Back: No. Some are inherited, while others result from genetic mutations.

Front: What are examples of genetic changes that may cause ID?
Back: Gene duplication and translocation.

Common Syndromes Associated with ID

Front: Name common syndromes associated with intellectual disability.
Back: Down syndrome, Williams syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome.

Front: Which syndrome is commonly associated with relative vocabulary strengths but weaknesses in morphosyntax?
Back: Down syndrome.

Front: Which syndrome is associated with high-pitched voice, prosody difficulty, and expressive word-finding trouble?
Back: Fragile X syndrome.

Front: Which syndrome is associated with being overly friendly and having pragmatic weaknesses?
Back: Williams syndrome.

Language Concerns in ID

Front: Do children with ID usually show a language delay or language disorder pattern before age 10?
Back: They tend to follow a language delay pattern.

Front: Before age 10, how does language generally develop in children with ID?
Back: It generally follows the expected developmental sequence but with reduced quantity of language.

Front: What language differences may appear before age 10 in children with ID?
Back: Shorter sentences, less grammatical sophistication, and reduced vocabulary diversity.

Front: After age 10, what language pattern may appear in children with ID?
Back: More qualitative behaviors may occur, suggesting a language disorder.

Front: Why should children with ID not be generalized as one group?
Back: Because there is wide variation in causes and characteristics depending on etiology.

Front: What does etiology mean?
Back: The cause or origin of a condition.

Down Syndrome Flashcards

Front: What is a relative language strength in Down syndrome?
Back: Vocabulary development is generally equivalent or relatively stronger.

Front: What language area is more impaired in Down syndrome?
Back: Morphosyntax, including sentence length and grammar.

Front: What grammatical areas may be difficult for individuals with Down syndrome?
Back: Articles, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, morpheme markings, subordinate clauses, and simple sentence structure.

Front: What are examples of morpheme markings that may be difficult in Down syndrome?
Back: Verb tense and plural forms.

Front: What memory issue can negatively affect language learning in Down syndrome?
Back: Short-term memory deficit.

Front: Are pragmatic skills in Down syndrome consistent or variable?
Back: Variable.

Front: What speech-sound area may be affected in Down syndrome?
Back: Phonology.

Front: What physiological issues may affect speech and language in Down syndrome?
Back: Middle ear infections and reduced respiratory control.

Fragile X Flashcards

Front: How do receptive skills develop in Fragile X compared to typically developing children?
Back: Receptive skills develop at about one-half the rate of typically developing children.

Front: How do expressive skills develop in Fragile X compared to typically developing children?
Back: Expressive skills develop at about one-third the rate of typically developing children.

Front: What morphosyntax concerns are associated with Fragile X?
Back: Morphosyntax deficiencies and reduced sentence length.

Front: What speech-sound issue is associated with Fragile X?
Back: Phonological impairments.

Front: What voice and prosody characteristics may be seen in Fragile X?
Back: Difficulty with prosody and voice quality, including a high-pitched voice.

Front: What language content area is a relative strength in Fragile X?
Back: Receptive vocabulary is relatively intact.

Front: What expressive language difficulty is associated with Fragile X?
Back: Expressive word-finding trouble.

Front: Are pragmatic skills in Fragile X consistent or variable?
Back: Variable.

Williams Syndrome Flashcards

Front: What early language skill is delayed in Williams syndrome?
Back: Verbal skills in early childhood.

Front: How does early vocabulary development in Williams syndrome compare to Down syndrome?
Back: Early vocabulary development is similar to Down syndrome.

Front: By adolescence, how may language abilities appear in Williams syndrome?
Back: Language abilities may be equivalent to mental age, and some individuals may have morphosyntax and lexical skills that surpass mental age.

Front: What voice quality is associated with Williams syndrome?
Back: Hoarse voice.

Front: How are articulation and prosody often described in Williams syndrome?
Back: Good articulation and prosody.

Front: What pragmatic weakness is commonly associated with Williams syndrome?
Back: Being “overly friendly.”

Front: What social communication difficulties may occur in Williams syndrome?
Back: Inappropriate eye contact, difficulty introducing topics, poor topic maintenance, inadequate turn-taking, and excessive questioning.

Quick Review Flashcards

Front: What are the two required areas of limitation for ID diagnosis?
Back: Intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.

Front: What age must symptoms begin before for ID?
Back: Before age 18.

Front: What IQ score is commonly associated with ID criteria?
Back: Around 70, or about 2 standard deviations below the mean.

Front: What dimension includes social use of language and daily living communication?
Back: Adaptive behavior.

Front: What dimension includes physical and mental health?
Back: Health.

Front: What dimension includes family, neighborhood, and community environment?
Back: Context.

Front: What syndrome is linked to morphosyntax weaknesses and short-term memory deficits?
Back: Down syndrome.

Front: What syndrome is linked to high-pitched voice and expressive word-finding problems?
Back: Fragile X syndrome.

Front: What syndrome is linked to overly friendly behavior and pragmatic difficulties?
Back: Williams syndrome.

Front: Why is language in children with ID variable?
Back: Because children with ID can have different causes, syndromes, strengths, and needs.