History Final Study Set

When was the Mayflower Compact created?

1620

Where did the Mayflower try to land, and where did they actually land?

Tried to land at the mouth of the Hudson River, at today’s New York City. Actually landed at Plymouth, in today’s Massachusetts.

What were the 2 main groups onboard the Mayflower?

Pilgrims and the Strangers.

What did the signers promise on the Mayflower Compact?

To be ethical and work together.

Why is the Mayflower Contract considered significant?

It is the first example of American Democracy.

What was the Stamp Act?

First direct tax on colonies, a tax on all printed materials. Passed by the British Parliament in 1765.

What was the effect of the Stamp Act?

Protests and boycotts throughout the colonies, “Sons of Liberty” intimidated stamp distributors.

When was the Stamp Act repealed and why?

1766, due to the resistance.

What was the Tea Act?

Passed by British Parliament in 1773, British East India Company could sell tea directly to colonists, without colonial merchants. Small tax on the tea.

What was the effect of the Tea Act?

Caused the Boston Tea Party, Sons of Liberty dumped tea into the Boston Harbor, one reason for the American Revolution.

When was teh Tea Act repealed?

1778

What are the Intolerable Acts?

4 main, harsh laws passed by British Parliament in 1774, to punish the Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party.

What was the effect of the Intolerable Acts?

United the colonies, started the American Revolution.

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?

Jefferson

When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?

Expected to be adopted on July 2, but delegates adopted it on July 4.

When were the Articles of Confederation adopted?

November 1777, formally became the government in 1781.

Roughly, what did the Articles of Confederatation say?

Weak central government, most of the power on the individual state’s government. Congress had limited power.

What were some problems with the Articles of Confederation?

No way to add new states, hard to pass a law without at least 9 states to be in favor, and changing the Articles needed all 13 state’s permission.

When were the Articles of Confederation replaced?

March 4, 1789, Constitution went into effect.

What is the Preamble?

Opening paragraph of the Constitution, with the purpose and guiding principles.

When was the Preamble written?

1787.

What is the importance of the Preamble?

Establishes popular sovereignity, power from the people, not the states.

How many articles are in the Constitution?

7 articles, each about a general topic. The first 3 are the 3 brancehs, legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

What consists of the Legislative Branch?

Senate and House of Representatives.

What consists of the Executive Branch?

The president and vice president.

What consists of the Judicial Branch?

The Supreme Court, and state inferior courts.

What are the levels of organization (with reading) are there in the Constitution?

Articles, Sections, and Clauses (3).

4th Article of the Constitution.

Relations among the states.

5th Article of the Constitution.

Amendmess processing.

6th Article of the Constitution.

National supremacy.

7th Article of Congress.

Ratification.

What are Checks and Balances?

A separation of powers to make sure that one branch doesn’t get too powerful. Each branch can counter another branch.

What is the Monroe Doctrine about?

Warns European powers to not get involved in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

When and who sent the Monroe Doctrine?

Sent by Monroe in 1823.

Why was the Monroe Doctrine issued?

To protect the newly freed Latin American Countries and ensure a significant influence for the Western Hemisphere.

When and who issued the Emancipation Proclamation?

Abraham Lincoln in 1863, during the Civil War.

What was the Emancipation Proclamation about?

Declared that every enslaved person in the Confederate States was free.

Why was the Emancipation Proclamation issued?

To create a new Union without slavery, and to encourage African American enlistment.

Who and when was the Gettysburg Address delivered?

Abraham Lincoln in 1863, after the Battle of Gettysburg.

What was the purpose of the Gettysburg Address?

Lincoln aimed to achieve a free post-Civil War America, inspired to bring hope, and raise determination to end the Civil War into the audience.

What was the First Great Awakening?

Protestant religious revivals in the colonies and GB during the 1730s and 1740s.

What was the split in colonial churches during the 1st Great Awakening?

“Old Lights” were favoring traditional worship, and “New Lights” were favoring emotional and enthusiastic preaching.

What was the effect of the 1st Great Awakening?

Brought the colonies together, and increased the fight for individual rights and rebelliousness.

What is a Constitutional Convention?

An elected group of delegates who convene to write a new constitution, or revise the previous one.

What was the last Constitutional Convention to occur?

Last Federal: 1787 Philadelphia Convention

Last State: 1986 Rhode Island

What happened during the 1787 Philadelphia Federal Constitutional Convention?

Drafted the U.S. current Constitution, after realizing faults in the Articles of Confederation.

What caused the Shays’s Rebellion?

Massachusetts increased taxes on land, and farmers had trouble paying their debts.

What happened to farmers who didn’t pay taxes before Shays’s Rebellion?

Seizing or selling of their property, debtor’s prison, or involuntary servitude.

What happened during Shays’s Rebellion?

Daniel Shays’s led a revolt and attempted to capture Federal arsenal after forcing the Springfield court to close.

When was Shays’s Rebellion?

September of 1786 to January of 1787.

What were the consequences to rebels during Shays’s Rebellion?

First sentenced to death, then granted lighter sentences or even freed most of the rebels.

What was the impact of Shays’s Rebellion?

Disturbed political leaders, but Jefferson was pleased with the Rebellion. Showed the public that the Articles of Confederation had issues.

When was Washington Inaugurated?

1789

What was Washington’s reaction to the Whiskey Rebellion?

Sent troops to fight the rebels, and pardoned them (the first use of presidential pardon).

What was Washington’s reaction to the French Revolution?

Tried to remain neutral, encouraged isolationism.

When and where did Washington die?

Mount Vernon, Virginia, 1799.

When was Madison inaugurated?

1809, and 1813.

What number president was Madison?

4th president.

What happened during Madison’s reign?

He triggered the War of 1812.

What important things did Madison do?

Helped in drafting the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

When did Madison pass away?

1836, in his Montpelier estate in Virginia.

What is the Miranda Warning?

Formal notification that police must inform suspects of their 5th Amendment rights, including their right to remain silent, their right to an attorney, and the fact that anything they say can be used in court.

When did the Miranda Warning start becoming mandatory?

The 1966 case Miranda v. Arizona.

What power does the Supreme Court have?

Can invalidate laws that do not follow the Constitution, review and overturn verdicts by lower courts, and has original jurisdiction in disputes between states.

What is a national bank?

A commercial bank chartered and regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), a bureau of the U.S. Treasury.

What power do national banks have?

Can issue loans, accept deposits, facilitate electronic money transfers, sell U.S. Treasury securities, and operate across state lines

Who were the candidates during the Presidential election of 1828?

Andrew Jackson (Democratic) and John Quincy Adams (National Republic Party).

What was the significance of the Presidential Election of 1828?

It marked the transition to modern political campaigning and the birth of the modern two-party system

Who won the Presidential Election of 1828?

Andrew Jackson