Organizational Behavior: Job Performance, Motivation, and Leadership

What is job performance?

The value of the set of behaviors that contribute to organizational goal accomplishment, not the consequences or results of behavior.

What are the three major dimensions of job performance?

Task performance, citizenship behavior, and counterproductive behavior.

What is task performance?

Behaviors directly involved in transforming organizational resources into goods or services

What are the types of task performance?

Routine task performance, adaptive task performance, and creative task performance.

What is citizenship behavior (OCB)?

Voluntary activities that may or may not be rewarded but that contribute to the organization by improving the quality of the setting where work occurs.

What are examples of organizational citizenship behaviors?

Voice, civic virtue, and boosterism.

What are examples of interpersonal citizenship behaviors?

Helping, courtesy, and sportsmanship.

What is counterproductive behavior (CWB)?

Employee behaviors that intentionally hinder organizational goal accomplishment, such as theft and gossip.

What is job satisfaction?

A pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences.

What are the five key characteristics of a job according to job characteristics theory?

Variety, identity, significance, autonomy, and feedback.

What is emotional labor?

An employee's organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions at work...BEING FAKE...(smiling in cheerful environments even if you aren't happy inside)

What is emotional contagion?

The spread or "infection" of emotions from one person to another (e.g., from a customer service rep to a customer)... think "contagious"

What is emotional intelligence?

Capabilities related to the management and use of emotions when interacting with others.

What are the components of emotional intelligence?

Self-awareness, other awareness, emotion regulation, and use of emotions.

What is motivation?

A set of energetic forces that originate within and outside an employee that initiates work-related effort and determines its (1) direction, (2) intensity, and (3) persistence.

What are the four key theories of motivation?

Expectancy theory, goal setting theory, equity theory, and psychological empowerment.

What is expectancy theory of motivation?

The strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual.

What does the equation for motivation in expectancy theory represent?

Motivation = (E→P) x Σ[(P→O) x V].

What is goal setting theory?

Specific, difficult goals > no goals, easy goals, or "do your best" goals.

What is equity theory?

Motivation is maximized when an employee's ratio of "outcomes" to "inputs" matches (i.e., is equal to) those of some "comparison other.

What is psychological empowerment?

An intrinsic form of motivation derived from the belief that one's work contributes to a larger purpose.

What are the four beliefs that contribute to intrinsic motivation in psychological empowerment?

Meaningfulness, impact, self-determination, and competence.

What is personality in the context of organizational behavior?

The structures and propensities inside a person that explain characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior.

What are the Big 5 personality traits?

Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience.

What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assess?

It categorizes individuals into one of 16 types based on four dichotomies.

What is the representativeness heuristic?

Guessing an event's probability based on its similarity to a description, while ignoring base rates.

What is the availability heuristic?

The tendency to guess an event's probability based on how easily examples come to mind.

Define confirmation bias.

The tendency to search for and accept information that aligns with one's beliefs while ignoring contradictory information.

What does anchoring refer to in decision-making?

The unconscious use of an initial piece of information to form opinions about a focal issue.

What is stereotyping?

Judging someone based on perceptions of the group they belong to.

Explain hindsight bias.

The tendency to believe one could have predicted an event after it has occurred.

What is bounded rationality?

The process of making decisions using simplified models that do not capture all complexities.

What are challenge stressors?

Demands perceived as opportunities for learning and growth.

Define hindrance stressors.

Demands perceived as obstacles to personal accomplishments or goals.

What is stress?

A generally unpleasant perception and appraisal of stressors.

What is strain in the context of stress?

The psychological, physiological, and behavioral consequences of stress.

What are the three types of leadership styles?

Transformational, transactional, and servant leadership.

Describe transformational leadership.

A style that inspires followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the organization.

What characterizes transactional leadership?

Rewarding or disciplining followers based on their performance.

What is servant leadership?

A leadership style emphasizing empathy, listening, and persuasion.

What is cohesion in a group context?

The degree to which members are attracted to each other and motivated to stay in the group.

Define groupthink.

Striving for consensus without considering alternative viewpoints to maintain harmony.

What is social loafing?

The tendency of individuals to exert less effort when working in a group.

What are surface-level and deep-level diversity?

Surface-level diversity refers to observable attributes; deep-level diversity involves less visible attributes like personality and values.

What are the three main types of justice in organizations?

Distributive justice, procedural justice, and interpersonal justice.

What is corporate social responsibility?

Acknowledging that a business's responsibilities encompass economic, legal, ethical, and citizenship expectations.

How is organizational culture formed?

It is formed by the founders and sustained through hiring processes that align with the culture.

What are Hofstede's five dimensions of national culture?

Individualism-collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity-femininity, and short-term vs. long-term orientation.