Diencephalon

Diencephalon

This is the main processing center for information destined to reach the cerebral cortex

Mamillary bodies

Ventral boundary of the midbrain-diencephalic junction

Posterior Commissure

Dorsal boundary of the midbrain-diencephalic junction

Hypothalamic sulcus

Separates the dorsal thalamus and the hypothalamus

IV foramen to splenium of corpus callosum

Dorsal thalamus extends from what 2 structures (Rostral to Caudal)

Thalamus

This subdivision of the diencephalon mediates conscious sensation and some aspects of motor control

Hypothalamus

This subdivision of the diencephalon is involved in the control of autonomic function

Epithalamus

This subdivision of the diencephalon is functionally related to the limbic system as it regulates behavior

Massa Intermedia

This is the partial fusion of the thalamus in the midline

Caudomedial part of the prosencephalon

Origin of the diencephalic structures

Pineal Gland

The epiphysis of the epithalamus eventually develops to form what structure?

Stria medullaris thalami

This is a sheet of white matter that is traversed by input going to the habenula and pineal gland

T
F
T

T/F: Characteristics of circumventricular organs

1.) Fenestrated capillaries
2.) Present BBB
3.) Capable of releasing metabolites into CSF

Rathke Pouch

Structure that gives rise to the anterior pituitary

Infundibulum

Structure that gives rise to the posterior pituitary

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal portal system

This is responsible for connecting the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Mammillary Bodies

Aside from the massa intermedia, this is another marker for the presence of diencephalic structures

Foramen of Monroe

The 3rd ventricle is connected to the lateral ventricle through what foramen?

Subthalamic nuclei

This component of the ventral thalamus is important as lesions in this area would lead to involuntary movements

Thalamocortical

Fibers that connect the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

Anterior thalamic nucleus

This thalamic nuclei plays a key role in the papez circuit

Intralaminar Nuclei

This thalamic nuclei is found within the internal medullary lamina

Lateral Dorsal Tier of Thalamic nuclei (LD, LP, P)

These thalamic nuclei is primarily involved in the visual information pathway

VPM

Thalamic nucleus responsible for somatosensory sensation of the face

VPL

Thalamic nucleus responsible for somatosensory sensation of the body

MGB and LGB

2 structures that form the metathalamus

LGB

This metathalamic structure is associated with the visual pathway

MGB

This metathalamic structure is associated with the auditory pathway

Mammilary nuclei via Mammilothalamic tract and Medial Temporal Lobe via fornix

Anterior thalamic nuclei mainly receives info from what organs and via what structure?

Cingulate gyrus

The anterior thalamic nulcei mainly sends output to what structure

Parvocellular and Magnocellular

Major subdivisions of the medial thalamic nuclei which are responsible for cognition and behavior

Paralaminar Subdivision

Subdivision of the medial thalamic nuclei involved in the regulation of eye movements

Lateral Dorsal

This lateral thalamic nucleus is associated with the limbic system

Lateral Posterior

This lateral thalamic nucleus is associated with somatosensory processing

Pulvinar

This lateral thalamic nucleus is associated with visual processing

Globus Pallidus

The large parvocellular division of the Ventral Anterior Nucleus receives input from what structure?

Substantia nigra

The small magnocellular division of the Ventral Anterior Nucleus receives input from what structure?

Ipsilateral Globus Pallidus

The pars oralis of the Ventral Lateral Nucleus receives input from what structure?

Contralateral Cerebellum

The pars caudalis of the Ventral Lateral Nucleus receives input from what structure?

Centromedian

This intralaminar nucleus projects to the neostriatum and the motor areas of the cerebral cortex

Parafascicular nucleus

This intralaminar nucleus projects to the rostral and lateral regions of the frontal lobe

Thalamic Reticular Nucleus

This structure is involved in maintaining wakefulness and alertness and is found in the external medullary lamina

Lateral Hypothalamic nulcei

This nuclei is known as the feeding center of the brain

Preoptic, Supraoptic, and Paraventricular

These hypothalamic nuclei are responsible for regulating hormone release

Anterior

This hypothalamic nucleus is responsible for cardiovascular function and is the thermostat of the body

Suprachiasmatic

This hypothalamic nucleus is responsible for circadian rhythm

Lateral preoptic

This hypothalamic nucleus us responsible for regulation of ambulation or locomotion

Medial Preoptic

This hypothalamic nucleus us responsible for reproductive activity, locomotion, and eating

Ventromedial nucleus

This nuclei is known as the satiety center of the brain

Dorsomedial

Lesions in this hypothalamic nucleus leads to sham rage and is important in the regulation of behavior

Medial Mammillary Nucleus

This hypothalamic nucleus is very limbic in function and is the origin for the mammillothalamic tract

Posterior

This hypothalamic nucleus aims to conserve body heat in response to cold

Korsakoff

This syndrome arises from disruptions in the mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus and dorsomedial nuclei of the thalamus

Subthalamic

Function of this nucleus is to excite the inhibition of the thalamus

Posteromedial branches of PCA and PComA

Arteries that supply the subthalamic nuclei

Lenticular Fasciculus

Structure that separates the subthalamic nucleus and the zona incerta

Zona Incerta

This area of the subthalamus is responsible for integration of sensory and motor functions

Pineal Gland

Epithalamic structure that regulates circadian rhythm

F

T/F: Increased activity of pineal cells leads to early puberty

Habenular nuclei

This nuclei is often implicated in cases such as schizophrenia

ACom, Anterior Cerebral, and PCom

Arteries that supply the anterior parts of the hypothalamus

PCom and Posterior Cerebral

Arteries that supply the caudal and ventral parts of the hypothalamus

Posterior Cerebral

Arteries that supply the rostral parts of the thalamus

Thalamoperforating

This branch of the Posterior Cerebral Artery particularly goes to the ARAS

Medial Posterior Choroidal and Posterior Cerebral

Arteries that supply the caudal and medial parts of the thalamus

Contralateral visual and motor deficit

Lesions in the anterior choroidal artery will lead to what common symptoms?