AICE US History Exam Review

Frederick Douglass

- Abolitionist leader. Born into slavery around 1818 in Maryland.

- Advised presidents and lectured thousands on a range of causes.

- Convinced Lincoln that the abolition of slavery should be a goal of the war.

Cotton Diplomacy

- The South's policy of using the Europeans' need for raw cotton in an attempt to force their recognition of the confederacy and an end to the union blockade.

- Didn't work because Europeans' found alternative sources of cotton.

National Banking Act (1863)

- U.S law that established a system of national charters

- Encouraged development of national currency

- Raised money during civil war by enticing banks to buy war bonds

Popular Sovereignty

- The idea that the government's authority comes from the people

Kansas-Nebraska Act

- Allowed citizens in the Kansas and Nebraska territories to decide locally whether to allow slavery.

Lecompton Constitution

- Second constitution drafted for Kansas territory

- Permitted slavery

- Excluded free blacks from living in Kansas

- Allowed only male citizens of the U.S to vote

John Brown's Raid

- Was an effort by armed abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.

Constitutional Union Party

- Was a political party in the United States created in 1860. It was made up of conservative former Whigs who wanted to avoid secession over the slavery issue.

Thirteenth Amendment

- Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

Fourteenth Amendment

- An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, defining national citizenship and forbidding the states to restrict the basic rights of citizens or other persons.

Fifteenth Amendment

- The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

William Tecumseh Sherman

- Union general (Northern Army), practiced total war as he marched through and conquered Georgia.

Ulysses S. Grant

- Commander of the victorious union army (the northern army) during the civil war

- Later became 18th president of U.S

Robert E. Lee

Battle of Antietam

- Important Maryland battle during which the Union stopped Lee's advance to the North

- Bloodiest single day of fighting during the war

Anaconda Plan

- A Union military plan for defeating the South by dividing the Confederacy in the civil war

Secession

- Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation (like when the South left the Union)

Harriet Beecher Stowe

- The author of the book Uncle Toms Cabin that persuaded people to want to end slavery.

Fugitive Slave Act

- Anyone who helped a fugitive could be fined or imprisoned.

- Law states that any slave who ran away to the north had to be returned to their owner.

Underground Railroad

- Network of abolitionists who secretly helped slaves escape to freedom.

Andrew Johnson

- Lincoln's Vice President; became President after Lincoln's assassination.

- 17th president. First president to be impeached

Abraham Lincoln

- 16th President of the United States.

- Ended slavery and stuff.

James Buchanan

- Weak Democratic president whose manipulation by proslavery forces divided his own party.

- 15th President

John Brown

- Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia

Stephen Douglas

- Democratic candidate for the senate in 1858, debated slavery with Lincoln.

- Candidate that ran against Lincoln.

- Passed the compromise of 1850.

- Wrote Kanas -Nebraska Act and Freeport doctrine

Appomattox

- Where the Confederate Surrender of the Civil War was signed.

Gettysburg Address

- A famous speech by President Lincoln on the meaning of the Civil War.

- Lincoln's speech to honor fallen soldiers

Battle of Vicksburg

- 1863, a battle in which the south lost control of the Mississippi River.

- Union victory split the Confederacy in half and was the last major battle of the war.

Battle of Gettysburg

- Civil War battle in PA that was won by the Union and became the turning point of the war.

Emancipation Proclamation

- Was an executive order issued on January 1, 1863, by President Lincoln freeing slaves in all portions of the United States not then under Union control.

Writ of Habeas Corpus

- Court order forcing the police to present a person in court to face charges.

Copperheads

- Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and sympathized with the South

Martial Law

- Temporary rule by military rather than civilian authority

Greenback

- A piece of U.S. paper money first issued by the North during the Civil War.

Conscription

- The drafting of citizens for military service.

States Rights

- The rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government.

First Battle of Bull Run

- First major battle of the Civil War, won by the Confederates in July 1861.

- Ended the hopes of a quick victory by the Union.

Crittenden Plan

- Last minute effort to stop Civil War. It basically cancelled the Missouri Compromise 1820.

- Compromise plan to prevent secession.

Cash Crop

California Gold Rush

- Mass migration to California after the discovery of gold in 1848.

Confederate States of America

- The nation formed by the southern states when they seceded from the Union

Freeport Doctrine

- Idea that any territory could ban slavery by refusing to pass laws supporting it.

Dred Scott Case

- Supreme Court Ruling that favored slavery.

Bleeding Kansas

- A series of violent confrontations between pro- and anti-slavery forces during the settling of Kansas

Daniel Webster

- Northern pro-tariff, anti-slavery congressman

Gadsen Purchase

- Purchased the southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico

Uncle Tom's Cabin

- Novel by harriet beecher stowe that explained the cruelties of slavery in the south

William Lloyd Garrison

- American journalistic crusader who published a newspaper, The Liberator (1831-65), and helped lead the successful abolitionist campaign against slavery in the United States.

Compromise of 1850

- Deal over the extension of slavery.

- California becomes free state

Free Soil Party

- Political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery

Missouri Compromise

- Settled the conflict that had arisen from Missouri's application for statehood

Border States

- Any of the slave states that bordered the northern free states during the US Civil War

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

- Feb. 2, 1848. Brought mexiacn-american war to end. added 525,000 square miles to the us.

Jefferson Davis

- President of the Confederacy during the Civil War

John Merryman

- Maryland legislature

- Imprisoned by Lincoln at Fort McHenry

Clement Vallandingham

- Most famous copperhead arrested and tried by urging Union soldiers to leave

War Democrats

- Supported a war to restore the Union but opposed ending slavery

General Strike

- A strike of workers in all or most industries

Freedmen's Bureau

- Supported by federal government

- Protect economic and political rights of freed blacks

Sharecropping

- Tenant farming, paying for rented farmland with a portion of one's crops

Ostend Manifesto

- Outlined a plan for the United States Government to acquire the island of Cuba from Spain. Located only 150 miles from Miami Florida, many American expansionalists believed the America had the "right" to Cuba.

Crop-Lien System

- Creates share cropping and re-enslaves blacks

Civil Rights Act of 1875

- Called for full equality in all public facilities; ruled unconstitutional in 1883.

Jim Crow Laws

- Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Plessy v. Ferguson

- "Separate but equal" doctrine supreme court upheld the constitutionally of jim crow laws

Wilmot Proviso

- 1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Personal Liberty Laws

- Laws passed by several U.S. states in the North to counter the Fugitive Slave Acts of 1793 and 1850.

Preston Brooks

A Representative from South Carolina. Beat Sumner Charles with a cane. He dissed the Southerner officials in his speech "Bleeding Kansas"

Fort Sumter

- Site of the first shots of the Civil War (1861-65)

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

- (Dec. 1863) Issued by Lincoln: offered full pardon to Southerners who would take oath of allegiance to the Union and acknowledge emancipation

Wade-Davis Bill

- An 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.

Reconstruction Proclamation

- President Johnson renews the offer in this proclamation. The Proclamation insists that persons desiring amnesty take an oath to disclaim slavery and defend the U.S. Constitution.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

- The first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law.

Military Reconstruction Act

- Divided south into 5 districts, elected new officers who had to pledge loyalty

Klu Klux Klan Act

- Congress authorizes President Ulysses S. Grant to declare martial law, impose heavy penalties against terrorist organizations, and use military force to suppress the Ku Klux Klan (KKK).

Compromise of 1877

- Put Rutherford Hayes into office as the nation's 19th president. Also ended the Reconstruction Era

Black Codes

- These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.

Booker T. Washington

- The most influential spokesman for black Americans between 1895 and 1915.

Carpetbaggers

- A Northerner in the South after the American Civil War usually seeking private gain under the reconstruction governments.

Scalawags

- Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party, after the American Civil War.

Rutherford B. Hayes

- 19th President of the United states

Charles Sumner

- Leader of the anti-slavery forces in Massachusetts

- Leader of the Radical Republicans in the U.S. Senate

- Keep on good terms with europe

Richmond, Virginia

Democratic Party

- A political party formed by supporters of Andrew Jackson after the presidential election of 1824

Republican Party

- Antislavery political party that formed in the 1850's.

National Union Party

- The National Union Party was the temporary name used by the Republican Party for the national ticket in the 1864 presidential election, held during the Civil War.

Sherman's March to Sea

Battle of the Monitor and the Merrimack

- USA monitor v. CSA Merrimack, first battle in history with ironclad ships

Fort Pillow

- Mississippi site where black soldiers were massacred after their surrender

Andersonville

- Confederate war camp in Georgia with terrible conditions for soldiers

Sectionalism

- Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole