Animal Physiology

Beetles, coleoptera

The most speciose group of animals (2 terms)

Ctenophores

Comb jellies

Cilia

Comb jellies are called comb jellies because they have … to move around

Syntheny

How genes are linked together over evolutionary time

Aphotic, bioluminescent, cilia, first animals

Ctenophores characteristics (4)

Aphotic

Ctenophores (1/4):

Since they are deep ocean, they are considered … (sunlight related)

Bioluminescent

Ctenophores (1/4):

Make their own light

Cilia

Ctenophores (1/4):

Rows of … on the body for locomotion

Sponges

If Taxon B were all other animals, what would Taxon A be?

Ernst Haeckel

Dawg that proposed spongest are the first animals

Ctenophores or sponges

The debate about which is the first animal is between which two? (… or …)

Synteny

Gene linkages

Loss choanoflagellate, nervous system, radial symmetry, gastrulation, epithelial tissue, incomplete digestive tract

What are the 6 characteristics evolved before ctenophora + cnidaria and bilateria?

Bilateral symmestry

What is the most significant development in bilateria?

Beetle

Which has bilateral symmestry?

Coral polyp

Which has radial symmetry?

Sponge

Which has no symmetry?

Less

Principle of parsimony: … number of evolutionary changes is preferred (more or less)

Filter feeding

There is hella loss in function and complexity before porifera for 3 reasons (1/3):

Nervous system interferes with … (2)

Costly

There is hella loss in function and complexity before porifera for 3 reasons (1/3):

Filtration + Nervous system are … (trade off core)

Parasitic evolutionary history

There is hella loss in function and complexity before porifera for 3 reasons (1/3):

What relieves the need for nervous system in porifera? (3)

Protostomes

Protostomes vs. deuterostomes

Deuterostomes

Protostomes vs. deuterostomes

Protostomes

Protostomes vs. deuterostomes:

1st mouth [first hole becomes mouth]

Deuterostomes

Protostomes vs. deuterostomes:

2nd mouth [second mouth becomes mouth]

Protostomes

Protostomes vs. deuterostomes:

Blastopore becomes mouth (second opening anus)

Deuterostomes

Protostomes vs. deuterostomes:

Blastopore becomes anus (second opening mouth)

Tunicates

Wtf is this

Echinoderms

Wtf is this [sea urchin]

Echinoderms

Closest invertebrate relative to us (vertebrates)

[think sea urchin core lol]

Blue whales

What are the largest animals ever?

Metazoans

Another word for animals (sort of interchangable)

Cnidaria

Jellyfish, coral, hyara all belong to phylum …

Paralyze prey

Established this is a cnidocyte cell found in cnidarians; What is the function? (2)

Cnidocil sensor

A special part of this cell that does the paralyzing of prey (2)

Myxozoans

Established that this is a cnidocyte cell; what is this cell found in?

Parasitize fish

Established that this is a cnidocyte cell found in myxozoans, what is the function? (2)

Myxozoans

Wtf is this

Heparopancreas

What is swollen in the fish?

Myxozoa

The swollen heparopancreas is linked to infection by … (which are animals for the record not protists)

Eukaryotic, multicellular, lack cell walls, chemohetertrophic, blastula and gastrula, monophyletic

There are 10 characteristics of animals but 6/10 are true for all animals

Eukaryotic

Multicellular

Lack cell walls

Opisthokont

Sexual reproduction and diploid

Chemoheterotrophic + holozoic

Need for oxygen

Motile and responsive

Blastula + gastrula

Monophyletic

What are the 10 fundamental characteristics of animals? Sorry

Development via blastula

Monophyletic

Of the 10 fundamental characteristics of animals, what are the 2 defining characteristics of animals? (requirement to be an animal)

Nucleus has DNA, linear chromosomes, mitochondria

Eukaryotic: 3 membrane characteristics

ATP, protons

Eukaryotic: Mitochondria generates … by pumping … across mitochondrial membrane

Environment

Eukaryotes have a mitochondrial membrane but prokaryotes don’t so ATP generation is done by the mercy of the …

(protons are pumped to extracellular environment)

No nucleus, single loop of DNA

2 important characteristics of prokaryote

Telomeres

Since prokaryotic DNA is just a single loop, they lack … which is super important in eukaryotic crossing over (genetic diversity)

Linear chromosomes

Prokaryotes have a single loop of DNA. Eukaryotes have … (2)

Flagella

Unicellular protist: Tail thing to move

Identical

In a colony (figure 2), all individual cells are … to each other

Unicellular protists, colony

All cells can survive alone

Multicellular

Cells are interdependent (a.k.a. cannot survive alone)

Specialized

Cells in a multicellular organism (figure 3) are interdependent because each individual cell is …

Aggregative development, clonal development

There are 2 hypothesis for how multicellularity came to be

Clonal

Between aggregative and clonal development, which multicellular hypothesis is more likely?

Aggregative

Multicellular hypothesis: Aggregation of genetically different cell types that were unicellular organisms (along with separation)

Clonal

Multicellular hypothesis: Cell division where cells remain together after cell development

Aggregative

Multicellular hypothesis: So much fighting so less likely…

Clonal

Multicellular hypothesis: More likely because cell division keeps everything together (all cells are genetically identical and since all genetically same they dgaf which survives)

Predation avoidance

Why multicellularity? (1/10)

(2)

Stress resistance

Why multicellularity? (1/10)

(2)

Metabolism

Why multicellularity? (1/10)

Improved extracellular …

Sedimentation

Why multicellularity? (1/10)

Faster … (more physical survival advantage in fluid environments)

Motility

Why multicellularity? (1/10)

Increased …

Chimerism

Why multicellularity? (1/10)

Benefits of …

Chimerism

A single organism made up of cells from 2+ genetically distinct individuals

Cross feeding, divison of labor

Why multicellularity? (1/10)

(2 concepts)

Overgrowth

Why multicellularity? (1/10)

Competitive …

Patchy resources

Why multicellularity? (1/10)

Efficient utilization of … (2)

Production, dispersal

Why multicellularity? (1/10)

Propagules (2)

Osmoregulation

A consequence of not having a cell wall is that animals must do …

[regulation of solute of extracellular and intracellular for balance]

Motility

Not having a cell wall allows … because they become stuck together in walls

H2O in

Hypotonic (H2O …)

H2O out

Hypertonic (H2O …)

Ruptured

Animal cell hypotonic

Normal

Animal cell isotonic

Shrinked

Animal cell hypertonic

Turgid, normal

Plant cell hypotonic (2)

Flaccid

Plant cell isotonic

Plasmolysed, shrinked

Plant cell hypertonic (2)

Neighbors, motility

Plant cells share cell walls to forever link … resulting in no … (consequence of having a cell wall)

Cell wall

Basically, cell motility in animals comes from the fact that we have no … (2)

Barrier, lining

Epithelial tissue: Cells are linked and nonmotile to act as a … (2)

Tight, adherens, desmosomal

Epithelial tissue: Intercellular junctions holding cells together (3 characteristics)

Desmosomes

Cell junctions that hold animal tissues together (general definition)

Peritoneum

Specialized epithecium separates digestive tract from abdominal cavity

Mucuous epithelium

Separates gut lumen from rest of body which controls what we eat gets into our body (or not)

Intercellular junctions

Epithelial tissue is imperative that they are nonmotile. Since animals do not have cell walls, instead animals evolved to have …. (2)

Tight, septate

Intercellular junction: Brings 2 adjacent neighboring cells tight together (2 terms)

Prevents passage of molecules across epithelium

Adherens

Intercellular junction: Tether adjacent cells together (hold them together)

Desmosomal

Intercellular junction: Resist mechanical stress (don’t rip apart when pulling)

Bikonta

The difference between unikonta and bikonta is that … have 2+ flagella on sperm

Opisthokont

Cells with a single posterior flagellum are known as … (not unikonta)

1

Which is the ancestral state?

1 or 2+ flagella?

Sperm competition

The lack of flagellum (aflagellates) could be because of low … (2) so no swimming necessary

1

How many posterior flagellum do animal sperm have?

Length

The higher the sperm competition, the higher the flagella …

Higher

The longer the flagella on a sperm indicates … competition (higher or lower)

Monogamy

When there is no sperm competition, this is called …