Unit 4 PLTW HBS

The Kidney

Function of renal artery

how the blood enters the kidney (unfiltered blood)

function of renal vein

how the blood returns to the body (filtered blood)

function of bladder

stores urine

function of kidney

filters blood, regulates fluid balance, and produces urine

function of ureter

tube that transports urine from the renal pelvis of the kidney to the bladder

function of urethra

carries urine from bladder to outside of body

function of renal pyramid

transports urine from the outer cortex to the calyxs

function of renal column

holds cortex in place, provides structural support, and seperates kidney into lobes (pyramids)

function of nephron

a tiny unit in the kidney that filters blood and makes urine through filtration, secretion, and reabsorption. (each kidney has over 1 million)

function of major calyx

collects urine from the smaller calyxs and sends it to the renal pelvis

function of renal capsule

protects the kidney from trauma and infections, maintain its structural shape, and manage internal pressure

function of renal pelvis

funnel shaped, acts as the primary collecting chamber for urine

what is the primary function of the excretory system

filters blood and gets rid of waste products as urine in the blood

what are 3 other functions of the excretory system

• maintain fluid and electrolyte balance

• regulate blood pressure (by maintaining sodium and water balance and releasing hormones that influence vessel contriction)

• produces erythropoietin (EPO) - hormone that stimulates production of RBCs

what are 3 other roles of the excretory/urinary system

• regulates water levels

• balances electrolytes (chemicals)

• maintains pH

describe the process of filtration and why it is important

blood is filtered in the kidney (in the glomerulus), small things like water, salts, and waste go into the nephron.

it is important because it starts urine formation and removes waste from blood

describe the process of reabsorption and why it is important

useful things (like water, glucose, and salts) are taken back into the blood

it is important because it keeps the body from losing needed nutrients and water

describe the process of secretion and why it is important

extra wastes and chemicals are added from the blood into the nephron

it is important because it helps remove toxins and balance pH and ions in the body

what are the 3 processes that occur in the nephron

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

where in the nephron does filtration occur

at the glomerulus (inside the bowmans capsule)

where in the nephron does secretion occur

• proximal convulted tubule

• distal convulted tubule

• collecting duct

where in the nephron does reabsorption occur

• proximal convulted tubule

• distal convulted tubule

• collecting duct

• loop of Henle

what are some substances that are reabsorped in the nephron?

• water

• glucose

• amino acids

• ions (salts)

why are substances reabsorbed in the nephron

they’re reabsorbed bc your body still needs them to function. filtrations lets a lot of stuff leave the blood but reabsorption fixes that by taking back useful substances so you don’t lose them in urine

what is an algorithm

algorithms are a set of step by step instructions used for solving a problem or performing a calculation

what are some examples of algorithms

• fever check

• urinalysis

• decision tree

what is a problem with using algorithms for medical purposes

some disadvantages are that they aren’t personalized for every patient, may become outdated, and they don’t work well for complex cases

what is the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), why is it important

eGFR is a number that shows how well the kidneys are working to filter your blood, (low numbers mean worse). They are important because it helps doctors measure kidney function and detect kidney disease early so they can treat it before it gets worse

at what point should a patient begin dialysis

if the eGFR is 15-29

at what point should a patient receive a kidney transplant

if the eGFR is lower than 15

what is a kidney transplant chain

a kidney transplant chain is a system where donors give kidneys to different people so everyone can get a match

how does a kidney transplant chain work

if you’re not a match for the person you want to help, you give your kidney to someone else, and another person gives to them. this creates a chain

what are the two factors doctors look at to determine if a donor kidney is a good match for a recipient

1. if the donor and recipient are a match for their blood type (compatible)

2. their HLA markers match closely

what should normal urine NOT contain

glucose, protein, blood

what is a urine analysis

a macroscopic, chemical, and microscopic analysis of urine

what are some conditions a urine analysis can diagnose

it can diagnose UTI, kidney dsease or kidney malfunction, diabetes, liver disease, kidney stones

what are some things that are specifically tested for in a urinalysis

• glucose

• protein

• ketones

• blood (RBCs)

• WBC

• pH

• specific gravity

• bacteria

what is the difference between macroscopic examination, chemical analysis, and microscopic examination of urine

macro:

• looking at urine with the naked eye (color, clarity, odor)

chemical:

• testing urine with dipsitcks/strips (glucose, protein, pH, ketones)

micro:

• looking at urine under a microscope (cells, bacteria, crystals)

what are the main components of urine, in a healthy individual

• water (abt 95%)

• urea (waste from protein breakdown)

• electrolytes (sodium, potassium)

• creatinine (waste from muscle activity)

• uric acid

what are electrolytes

minerals that when they dissolve in blood, take on a negative or positive charge

what are the 7 electrolytes needed for life

• sodium

• potassium

• magnesium

• calcium

• chloride

• bicarbonate

• phosphate

describe substances that are needed in the body

substances that are needed by the body are returned to the capillaries, while wastes stay in the nephron until they make it to the ureter

how does the kidney maintain homeostasis regarding water

the kidneys maintain water balance by controlling how much water is reabsorbed

more water needed —> reabsorb more —> concentrated urine

less water needed —> reabsorb less —> diluted urine

what is PKD

PKD is a genetic disease where cysts grow in the kidneys and damage them

what are the symptoms of PKD

• high blood pressure

• pain

• blood in urine

• enlarged kidnets

what is the cause of PKD

passed down from parents (genetic mutation)

what is the treatment of PKD

no cure, you can manage symptoms, severe cases need dialysis or transplant

what is the typical prognosis for PKD

gets worse over time and can lead to kidney failure

prognosis definition

a prediction of how a disease or condition will progress and the likely outcome

what is the difference between a healthy kidney and a PKD kidney

a PKD kidney has cysts on it and the kidney is larger which affects the function of it negatively. a healthy kidney does not have this

how are restriction enzymes used in the lab to help diagnose PKD

they cut DNA at specific sites so scientists can analyze fragment patterns and detect PKD mutations

how are polymerase chain reactions used in the lab to help diagnose PKD

makes many copies (amplify) of target DNA so it can be tested for mutations linked to PKD

how is gel electrophoresis used in the lab to help diagnose PKD

seperates DNA fragments by size so scientists can compare band patterns and identify mutations linked to PKD

does blood flow in or out of the artery/vein in the kidney

artery: blood flows in

vein: blood flows out

where are the nephrons found in the kidney

renal medulla and renal cortex

who should begin dialysis and who indicates that they need an evaluation for a kidney transplant

patient equation 1 equation 2 equation 3 equation 4 equation 5

sophia 21 21 18.4 23 19

koa 69 68 64 53 59

maxwell 18 16 13 18 14

ella 132 118 96 122 130

sophia should begin dialysis

maxwell needs to evaluate for a kidney transplant

what is 1

ureter

what is 2

kidney

what is 3

urethra

what is 4

aorta

what is 5

renal vein

what is 6

bladder

what is 7

vena cava

what is 8

renal artery

what is 1

renal artery

what is 2

renal pelvis

what is 3

renal pyramid

what is 4

major calyx

what is 5

renal capsule

what is 6

ureter

what is 7

renal column

what is 8

renal vein

what is 1

renal artery

what is 2

distal convoluted tubule

what is 3

collecting duct

what is 4

proximal convoluted tubule

what is 5

Bowman’s capsule

what is 6

loop of Henle

what is 7

renal vein

what is 8

Glomerulus

what does the proximal convoluted tubule do in the nephron

reabsorbs most water, glucose, and nutrients back into the blood, also does some secretion

what does the distal convoluted tubule do in the nephron

• reabsorbs sodium and chloride

• secretes ions to maintain blood pH and electrolyte balance

what does the Loop of Henle do in the nephron

helps concentrate urine by reabsorbing water and salts

what do the capillaries do in the nephron

allow exchange of substances between blood and nephron (reabsorption of materials)

what does the collecting duct do in the nephron

reabsorbs water and salts, secretes excess ions and wastes

what does the bowman’s capsule do in the nephron

surrounds the glomerulus and participates in filtering small solutes from the blood

what does the glomerulus do in the nephron

filters small solutes from the blood

why do we need to look at blood flow through the kidneys

the kidneys clean the blood so understanding blood flow helps explain how waste is removed and the body stays balanced

which structure is where urine is formed

nephron

which renal structure collects urine

collecting duct

dialysis tubing

a semipermeable membrane that allows only certain substances to pass through its pores

diagnosis of Alexis (patient from 4.1.5)

UTI