KINS 245 FINAL

tibiofibular joint (proximal and distal)

pertaining to the joint between the tibia and fibula

fibular notch

lateral notch on the distal end tibia where tibia and fibula articulate

medial malleolus

distal process on medial tibial surface

lateral malleolus

distal end of fibula

interosseous ligament

ligament "between bones"

bones of foot

calcaneus

lateral (outer) arch

Extends from heel to little toe

medial (inner) arch

from heel to great toe

transverse (metatarsal) arch

Runs medial-to-lateral between the heads of the metatarsals + the cuneiform and cuboid bones

functions of the arches of foot

- proportional weight distributer
- acts as segmental lever
- protects plantar vessels and nerves
- arch foot is dynamic and pliable

segmental lever

During the push-off phase of jumping

elastic energy of longitudinal arches

stored during flattened foot stance
used during second half stance as a force
17% of energy for locomotion

pes cavus

Higher medial longitudinal arch
• Less effective at dissipating forces
• Less pronation during weight bearing
• Effective as a segmental leve

pes planus

Lower longitudinal arch
• Excessive pronation
• Overuse injuries in lower extremity

talocrural joint

a joint in the ankle found between the tibia

Subtalar joint

a joint in the ankle found between the talus and calcaneus
inversion/eversion

inversion sprain

Most common ankle injury

eversion sprain

less common due to ridged structures on the MEDIAL ligaments

high ankle sprain

tear of the ATF

chronic ankle stability

After an ankle sprain

cervical vertebrae

C1-C7

thoracic vertebrae

T1-T12

lumbar vertebrae

L1-L5

Atlas

C1
first vertebrae
allows one to nod

Axis

C2
below atlas
allows one to pivot neck

sacrum and coccyx

tailbone
single bones that result from the fusion of several vertebrae

intervertebral discs

fibrocartilage pads that separate and cushion the vertebrae

thoracic

which vertebrae do sternum and ribs attach to?

true ribs

ribs 1-7

false ribs

Ribs 8-12

floating ribs

ribs 11-12

sternum landmarks

manubrium

rib landmarks

head

chondrosternal joint

between costal cartilage and sternum

costochondral joint

where the cartilage meets the rib

kyphosis

excessive outward curvature of the spine (hunchback)

lordosis

abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)

flexion/extension of cervical spine

tilt head forward and backward

lateral flexion of cervical spine

tilt head side to side

rotation of cervical spine

turn head side to side

flexion/extension of spine

lean forward and backward

lateral flexion of spine

lean side to side

trunk rotation of spine

rotate side to side

splenius capitis/cervicis

Cervical spine
Action: extension of cervical spine

Sternocleidomastoid

Cervical spine
Origin: sternum and clavicle
Insertion: mastoid process
Action: flexion of cervical spine

erector spinae

Spine
Action: extension of spine

Spinalis Capitis/cervicis

Cervical spine
Action: extension of cervical spine

Spinalis Thoracis

Spine
Action: extension of vertebral column

Iliocostalis cervicis/thoracis

Cervical spine
Action: lateral flexion of cervical spine

Iliocostalis lumborum

Spine
Action: extension of spine

longissimus capitis

Cervical spine
Action: extension of cervical spine

Longissimus Cervicis

Spine
Action: extension of spine (bilateral)

longissimus thoracis

Spine
Action: extension of the spine (bilateral)

quadratus lumborum

Lower spine
Origin: transverse process of lower lumbar and iliac crest
Insertion: 12th rib and L1-L4
Action: extension of spine

Pronation of foot

A combination of dorsiflexion

Supination of foot

A combination of plantar flexion

flexion/extension of toes

curl toes downward or upward

abduction/adduction of toes

spread toes apart or together

lower leg compartments

anterior

extensor digitorum longus

Anterior compartment
Action: dorsiflexion of ankle

extensor hallucis longus

Anterior compartment
Action: dorsiflexion of ankle

tibialis anterior

Anterior compartment
Action: dorsiflexion of ankle

Gastrocnemius

Superficial posterior compartment
Triceps surae
Calf muscle
Action: plantarflexion of foot

plantaris

Superficial posterior compartment
Triceps surae
Action: weak plantarflexion of ankle

Soleus

Superficial posterior compartment
Triceps surae
Action: plantarflexion of ankle

tibialis posterior

Deep posterior compartment
Action: plantarflexion of ankle

flexor digitorum longus

Deep posterior compartment
Action: plantarflexion of ankle

flexor hallucis longus

Deep posterior compartment
Action: plantarflexion of ankle

Peroneus Longus

Lateral compartment
fibularis muscle
Action: eversion of foot

Peroneus Brevis

Lateral compartment
Fibularis muscle
Action: eversion of foot

Peroneus tertius

Lateral compartment
Fibularis muscle
Action: eversion of foot

Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome

Shin Splints
Aching pain along inner edge of tibial shaft develops when musculature and/or periosteum in lower leg become irritated by repetitive activity

resistance exercises for foot/ankle

- calf raises
- resistance band

rectus abdominis

Abs
Action: lumbar flexion

external obliques

Abs
Action: lumbar flexion

internal obliques

Abs
Action: lumbar flexion

Diaphragm

Respiratory
Large flat muscle at the bottom of the chest
Breath in: contract
Breath out: relax

intercostal muscles

Respiratory
muscles between ribs

transverse abdominis

Respiratory
forced expiration pulling the abdominal wall inward

bone tension

* Pulling on the ends of the bone

shear force

Horizontal forces where one end of an object moves in opposition to the other end

bone torsion

* Twists the bone

bone compression & tension

both lateral pulling and pushing forces on the bone

shear forces

which force occurs on spine during squat and deadlift?

bone compression

* Forces are on the top and bottom of the bone

core stability importance

- leads to better balance and stability during exercise which prevents injury
- breathing keeps core tight
- should be tailored to sport-specific tasks

biomechanics

application of mechanical physics to human motion

kinematic data

description of motion without reference to forces
linear and angular

kinetic data

description of the forces involved in motion
linear and angular

kinematics variables

-distance

kinetic forces

- Center of gravity
- Friction
- Ground reaction forces
- Impulse-momentum relationship
- Torque
- Levers
- Moment of inertia (MOI)

center of gravity

the point around which an object's weight is evenly distributed.
approx. 55-58% of standing height

center of gravity differentiation

- individual bodies
- men vs women
- developmental differences
- change in position

friction

the resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another.
Dependent on mass and type of surface

drag forces

a force that opposes the motion of an object through a fluid

ground reaction forces

The force against the ground and the ground exerts equal and opposite force.

Impulse-momentum relationship

Force x time = mass x velocity

torque

the tendency of force to produce rotation around an axis
force x moment arm length

first class levers

Fulcrum in the middle like a see-saw

Musculoskeletal system as a lever system

lever - bone
fulcrum - joint
torque - force applied by muscle