Chemistry Lecture Notes Flashcards

A comprehensive set of fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering atomic structure, nuclear chemistry, states of matter, gas laws, the periodic table, organic chemistry, bonding, and redox reactions based on the student's lecture notes.

An atom's identity is defined entirely by the number of __________ in the nucleus.

protons

In Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment, most of the __________ went straight through the foil.

alpha particles

The modern atomic model is known as the __________ Model.

Orbital

Two atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called __________.

isotopes

The third principal energy level can hold a maximum of __________ electrons.

$$18$$

When an electron moves from an excited state back to the ground state, energy is released in the form of a __________.

bright-line spectrum

An ion that is positively charged because it loses electrons is called a __________.

cation

The ratio of __________ to protons determines whether a nucleus is stable or unstable.

neutrons

__________ is the process where a neutron bombards an atom, causing it to split and release energy.

Fission

The radioisotope __________ is used specifically for dating once-living things.

Carbon-14

The radioisotope __________ is commonly used to treat thyroid disorders.

Iodine-131

A __________ compound is one that is composed of exactly two elements.

binary

The process of a substance changing directly from a solid to a gas is called __________.

sublimation

__________ is a measure of the disorder of a system.

Entropy

Temperature is a measure of the average __________ energy of molecules.

kinetic

At constant temperature, the volume of a gas is __________ proportional to pressure.

inversely

According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, gas particles are considered to have no force of __________ for each other.

attraction

Two real gases that act most like ideal gases are Hydrogen and __________.

Helium

Elements in the same __________ have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of valence electrons.

groups

Forms of the same element that differ in their crystalline structure, such as diamond and graphite, are called __________.

allotropes

__________ is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom.

Ionization energy

The simplest ratio in which atoms combine to form a compound is the __________ formula.

empirical

In a __________ reaction, two or more elements unite to form a single compound.

synthesis

Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds are classified as __________.

saturated

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called __________.

isomers

The organic reaction between an alcohol and an acid produces an ester and __________.

water

The organic process used to produce soap is called __________.

saponification

A __________ bond is characterized by 'mobile electrons' that allow for conductivity in the solid phase.

metallic

Hydrogen bonding occurs when hydrogen is covalently bonded to a small, highly electronegative atom such as F, O, or __________.

N

The presence of a solute causes the boiling point of a solvent to __________.

elevate

A __________ increases the rate of reaction by decreasing the activation energy.

catalyst

When a chemical system is at __________, the concentrations of reactants and products are constant.

equilibrium

According to the Arrhenius theory, an acid releases __________ ions in aqueous solutions.

$$H^+$$

In the Bronsted-Lowry theory, a base is defined as an $H^+$ __________.

acceptor

The laboratory technique used to determine the unknown concentration of an acid or base is called __________.

titration

Every one-unit change on the pH scale represents a __________ change in hydronium ion concentration.

$$10\times$$

In the mnemonic 'OIL RIG', the 'RIG' stands for __________ Is Gain.

Reduction

In a voltaic cell, the __________ is the site where oxidation occurs.

anode

The __________ in a voltaic cell allows ions to travel freely between the two half-cells.

salt bridge

An __________ cell is used for electroplating and requires an external power source.

electrolytic