Science 7 Final Exam Review: Human Body Systems and Life Processes

Vocabulary flashcards covering human anatomy systems, cellular processes, ecology, and scientific methodology based on the Science 7 final exam review.

Digestive system

The organ system that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.

Respiratory system

The organ system responsible for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Circulatory system

The system that transports oxygen, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body.

Nervous system

The system that controls and coordinates body activities.

Muscular system

An organ system made of more than $600$ muscles that contract and relax to allow body movement, maintain posture, and circulate blood.

Skeletal system

The organ system providing support, protection, and movement.

Excretory/Urinary system

The system that removes wastes and regulates water balance.

Lymphatic system

A system responsible for the circulation of lymph, which maintains fluid balance and helps fight infection.

Endocrine system

The system responsible for the regulation of body processes through hormone production.

Integumentary system

The system that provides protection against the external environment and regulation of temperature.

Cardiovascular system

The system involved in the circulation of blood, which transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes.

Immune system

The system that protects the body against disease.

Autotrophs

Organisms, such as plants, that make their own food.

Heterotrophs

Organisms, such as animals, that obtain food by eating other organisms.

Nutrition

The life process of obtaining nutrients and using food.

Synthesis

The process of building larger molecules from smaller ones; a chemical reaction that is the opposite of digestion.

Transport

The life process of moving materials through an organism.

Respiration (Life Process)

The life process of releasing energy from food.

Excretion

The removal of metabolic waste in an organism, involving organs such as the kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra, and skin.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.

Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment, also referred to as dynamic equilibrium.

Reproduction

The life process of producing offspring.

ATP

Usable energy made mainly in the mitochondria during cellular respiration, used for movement, transport, and growth.

Photosynthesis

The process occurring in plant chloroplasts where reactants $CO_2$, $H_2O$, and sunlight produce glucose and $O_2$.

Cellular Respiration

The process in both plant and animal cells where reactants glucose and $O_2$ produce $CO_2$, $H_2O$, and $ATP$..

Dichotomous key

A stepwise approach to understanding the classification of an organism based on characteristics, structures, or traits.

Physical (Mechanical) Digestion

The process of breaking food into smaller pieces, such as chewing.

Chemical Digestion

The use of enzymes and acids to break food into simpler substances.

Villi

Tiny finger-like projections that increase the surface area of the small intestine to help absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.

Peristalsis

A series of wave-like muscular contractions that move food through the digestive system.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs surrounded by capillaries where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs.

Diffusion

The movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration, such as gas exchange in the alveoli.

Natural Selection

The process where organisms with helpful traits survive and reproduce more often, causing those traits to become more common.

Adaptation

An inherited trait that improves survival in a population.

Producer

An organism that makes its own food.

Consumer

An organism that eats other organisms.

Herbivore

An organism that eats plants.

Carnivore

An organism that eats animals.

Omnivore

An organism that eats both plants and animals.

Decomposer

An organism that breaks down dead organisms.

Predator

An organism that hunts other organisms.

Prey

An organism that is hunted.

Biotic factors

Living factors within an ecosystem, such as plants, animals, and bacteria.

Abiotic factors

Non-living factors within an ecosystem, such as water, sunlight, temperature, and soil.

Pulse rate calculation

$\text{Pulse per minute} = (\text{Beats counted in 20 seconds}) \times 3$.