BIO Lab Final Exam

Where are the campus emergency numbers posted in the lab?

By the door.

What attire is not appropriate for lab?

Open-toed shoes.

Where is it acceptable to experiment on bacteria?

All bacteria should remain in the lab and benches must be disinfected before and after use.

What are the four general ideas (bubbles) in the updated scientific method flow chart?

1. Testing Ideas, 2. Exploration and Discovery, 3. Community Analysis and Feedback, 4. Benefits and Outcomes.

Which graph is best for the average of multiple data points independent of each other?

Bar or column graph.

Which graph is best for data points dependent on each other, like changes over time?

Scatter plot or line graph.

Which variable is plotted on the x-axis?

The independent variable.

Is a pie chart as commonly used as bar/column graphs by biologists?

False.

What are key elements of a good graph?

Axes are labeled, no gridlines, and a descriptive figure legend with the title outside the graph area.

What organelles are unique to plant cells?

Chloroplasts and central vacuole.

What structures are found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Cell membrane, ribosomes, and DNA.

What structures are found only in eukaryotic cells?

Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, nucleus, and other membrane-bound organelles.

Which organisms are eukaryotic?

Plants, fungi, protists, and animals.

How do you calculate magnification under a microscope?

Multiply the eyepiece magnification (10x) by the objective lens magnification.

What is the proper use of oil immersion?

Use oil with the 100X objective, but do not rotate the 40X objective through the oil.

What type of organism is Trypanosoma brucei, and what disease does it cause?

Protozoan (eukaryote); causes sleeping sickness.

What type of organism is Escherichia coli, and how can it be treated?

Prokaryote; can be treated with antibiotics.

What disease does Candida albicans cause, and what type of organism is it?

Yeast infections; fungus (eukaryote).

What disease does Plasmodium vivax cause, and how is it transmitted?

Malaria; transmitted by mosquito bite.

What type of organism is Staphylococcus aureus, and how can it be treated?

Prokaryote; can be treated with antibiotics.

What is antibiotic resistance?

The ability of bacteria to survive in the presence of antibiotics.

Why study E. coli in water samples?

Its presence indicates fecal pollution.

What is the purpose of Coliscan plates, and how are results interpreted?

Tests surface waters for Gram-negative bacteria; E. coli appears dark blue.

What dyes are used in EMB plates?

Eosin Y and methylene blue.

What is the color of E. coli on EMB plates?

Dark purple with a green metallic sheen.

What do MIC plates determine?

The lowest amount of antibiotic needed to inhibit bacterial growth.

What do small zones of inhibition (ZOI) with high MIC values indicate?

High antibiotic resistance.

What are the mechanisms of action for penicillin?

Inhibits cell wall synthesis.

What are the mechanisms of action for tetracycline?

Inhibits protein synthesis.

What are the mechanisms of action for ciprofloxacin?

Inhibits DNA gyrase.

How are antibiotic resistance genes spread?

Transduction, transformation, and conjugation.

What does CRAP stand for?

Currency, Reliability, Authority, Purpose.

What are advantages and disadvantages of scholarly literature?

Advantage: Reliable, peer-reviewed; Disadvantage: May require specialized knowledge.

What is the purpose of the introduction?

Provide background, state the research question, and explain the study's significance.

How is the introduction organized?

Upside-down triangle format (broad to specific).

What makes a good title?

Concise, descriptive, and includes key study components.

What should not be included in the results section?

Interpretation or discussion of data.

How should figures be referenced in the text?

By figure number (e.g., 'Figure 1').

How is the discussion organized?

Triangle format (specific to broad).

What is the purpose of the discussion?

Interpret findings, relate to the hypothesis, and explore implications.