patient care unit 3

What is “grow in or on a host organism and cause disease”?

Microorganisms

What is an “Infection”?

establishment and growth of a microorganism on or in a host

What are “Disease producing microorganisms”?

Pathogens

What are the 3 Characteristics of Pathogens?

1. multiply in large numbers and cause an obstruction

2. cause tissue damage

3. can secrete organic substances called exotoxins

What type of symptoms do pathogens produce?

High body temperatures, nausea, vomiting, or shock

What are “Microscopic, single-celled organisms”?

Bacteria

What is a Cluster also called?

Colony

What is Morphology?

Size or shape`

What are the different types of morphology?

• Cocci or spheres

• Bacilli or rods

• Spirals

What are some of the common bacterial infections?

• Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat)

• Klebsiella pneumoniae infection (bacterial pneumonia)

• Clostridium botulinum infection (food poisoning)

What cannot live outside of a living cell?

Virus

What is a Virus?

Viral particle (virion) attaches to host and inserts its genome/genetic information into the host. The genome redirects the host cell and produces more viral particles – these can either die or travel into the nervous system

What are common viral diseases?

• Common cold (rhinovirus)

• Infectious mononucleosis

• Warts (caused by papillomavirus)

What has a size much larger than bacteria and requires an aerobic environment to live in?

Fungi

What is Dimorphic?

grow as either yeast or mold

What are common fungal infections?

• Athlete’s foot

• Ringworm

• Tinea nigra

What are Protozoa?

• Larger than bacteria

• Classified by their motility

• Live on or in other organisms at the expense of host

• Usually have motile functionality

• Can ingest food particles, and some are equipped with digestive systems

What are common parasitic infections?

• Pinworms

• Tapeworms

• Malaria

What are the four factors involved in the spread of infection, aka the Chain of Infection?

1. A host

2. An infectious microorganism

3. A mode of transportation

4. A reservoir

What is the 6-cycle chain of infection?

1. Pathogen

   • Bacteria

   • Virus

   • Fungi

   • Parasite

2. Reservoir

   • People

   • Animals

   • Soil

   • Food

   • Water

3. Portal of Exit

   • Coughing/Sneezing

   • Bodily Secretions

   • Feces

4. Mode of Transmission

   • Direct Contact

   • Indirect Contact

   • Vectors

5. Portal of Entry

   • Mouth

   • Nose

   • Eyes

   • Cuts in Skin

6. Susceptible Host

   • Elderly

   • Infants

   • Immunocompromised

   • Anyone

Why is a human host desirable for microorganisms?

Different temperatures throughout body, pH, or body fluid for pathogen grow

What conditions do microorganisms tend to like?

• warm temperature

• moisture

• darkness

What are the 4 infectious microorganisms?

1. Bacteria

2. Viruses

3. Fungi

4. Protozoa

What is Mode of Transmission?

How the pathogen transported outside the body and into the next

What mode of transmission from outside the body?

Exogenously

What mode of transmission from inside the body?

Endogenously

What is an encounter with a microbe in the environment, and can be direct or indirect?

Exogenously

What is an encounter with organisms already inside or on the body; when normal flora of the body is transported to a different area?

Endogenously

What is direct host-to-host?

Infected individual transmits an infection by any number of methods

• Handholding

• Coughing

• Sexual contact

What is indirect host-to-host?

“Direct” with assistance via a vector or fomite

• Vector usually an arthropod

  • Takes blood from one host and carries it to the other

    • Tick

    • Some insects

• Fomite

  • Inanimate object that has been in contact with an infectious organism

    • Food, water, radiographic equipment

What is a Reservoir?

Site where an infectious organism can remain alive and from which transmission can occur

What are the types of reservoirs?

• people, animals and inanimate objects

  • Person = carrier

    • Infected person who does not display the disease symptoms

  • Animals- example cow

    • Ingestion of milk

  • Insects – if it ingests blood containing pathogens

  • Inanimate objects – dusty corner, contaminated linen, and food

What are the types of infections?

• Healthcare Associated Infections

• Communicable

• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

• Hepatitis

• Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO)

  • MRSA

  • VRE

  • C. Diff

• Tuberculosis

What are ‘Infections people acquire while they are receiving treatment in healthcare setting for another condition’?

Healthcare Associated Infections (HAI)

What are the 2 types ofHealthcare Associated Infections (HAI)?

Nosocomial and Iatrogenic

What are the majority ofHealthcare Associated Infections (HAI)?

• Urinary tract infections (most common)

• Surgical site infections

• Bloodstream infections

• Pneumonia

What are the infections acquired while receiving treatment at the hospital?

Nosocomial Infection

What is aNosocomial Infection?

• Approximately 5% of all hospital patients acquire an additional condition while in the hospital

• Hospital patients have a greater sensitivity to infection

  • Compromised or immunosuppressed

• Most common:

• UTI

• surgical site infections

• bloodstream infections

• pneumonia

What is an infection that is the result of intervention with a physician?

Iatrogenic

What is an Iatrogenic Infection?

• Infection that is the result of intervention with a physician

  • Patient had lung biopsy and developed pneumonia

  • Improper handwashing by physician between patients

• Given the right condition it will try to take over

• Most hospital patients have a greater sensitivity to infection:

  • Compromised

  • Immuno- suppressed                                                                                                          

What are sources of infections from the hospital?

• Medical Personnel

• Patient Flora

• Contaminated Healthcare Environment

• Blood-Borne Pathogens

• Invasive Procedures

What are the diseases that spread from one person to another through a variety of ways (direct or indirect?

Communicable diseases

How can communicable diseases spread?

• Contact with blood and bodily fluid

• Inhaling an airborne virus

• Insect bite

What are the examples of communicable diseases?

• HIV

• HBV

• Influenza

• Chicken Pox

• Malaria

• Tuberculosis

• Polio

What is Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ HIV (blood-borne pathogen)?

• Virus that attacks the body’s immune system – without treatment can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

• No effective cure, but proper treatment can control

• Transmitted by infected bodily fluids like blood, sharing needles, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk

What is Hepatitis B/HBV (blood-borne pathogen)?

• Causes illness that primarily affects the liver

• Results in swelling, soreness, and loss of normal function in the liver

• Transmitted through:

  • Contaminated needle – biggest for hospital workers

  • Penetrating injury

  • Intimate contact

What is the best way to prevent HBV?

Hepatitis B Vaccination

• Series of three injections

• After receiving the Hepatitis B vaccine and a positive antibody titer is obtained, there is no risk of Hepatitis B disease

• Hepatitis B vaccine is safe and effective