APUSH: Period 7 Part 2

US: Failure to join League of Nations

• formed at Paris Peace Conf.

• no international organization to prevent fighting - league fell apart

spread of totalitarianism

after WW1

• Axis Powers:

  • Hitler, Mussolini, Emperor Hirohito, France (Spain - civil war, less fighting)

Hitler

• blames Treaty of Versailles for economic depression

  • lost territory, military restrictions, had to pay reparations

Start of War

• GB and FR declare war on Germany after invasion of Poland (1939)

US debate over war

• tension: isolationism vs econ growth (war = increased production) vs democratic values

Phases of US involvement

Neutrality Acts (1935-37), Cash and Carry (1939), Lend Lease Act (1941), Atlantic Charter (1941)

Neutrality Acts

• 1935-1937

  • Us isolated, but takes some action

Cash and Carry

• 1939

• EU countries can buy weapons in cash (no loans) and transport on ships; helps US econ. Eu democracies

Lend Lease Act

• 1941

• send weapons to nations “vital to defense of US” (returned after war) if no $ to pay

Atlantic Charter

1941

• Churchill and FDR set out common principles and war goals (pre-war)

• self-determination, free trade, disarmament of Axis powers

Japan Embargo

• US places embargo on JP over aggression to China and islands in 1941

Pearl Harbor

• 12/7/41: Japan bombs naval bases @ Pearl Harbor (HI)

• first attack on US soil

• unites US in a way that FDR couldn’t (politically, ideologically, for revenge)

• US declares war on JP, Italy and Ge declare war on US (

  • things you can only do if you’re officially @ war (change for US)

US Econ during WW2

• govt spending: 321 billion (x2 spending in last 150 years)

  • paid for by war bonds (civilians loan $ to government), incr. income tax

Office of Price Administration

control wartime inflation by setting price ceiling (froze rent, rationed meat and gas)

War Production Board

managed war industries, rationed essential materials

Total war

• unrestricted in terms of:

  • weapons

  • territory

  • combatants

  • objectives

  • laws of war disregarded (civilians attacked)

D-Day

• invasion of Occupied France (Allied Naval, Air, and Land assault)

• created 2nd front for Germany (fight on both sides)

Pacific key events

• island hopping to advance closer to JP (bypass heavy JP positions and capture islands)

• Iwo Jima: costliest battle in US history (Marines)

• Firebombing killed > 100k civilians in Tokyo (densely populated areas - wood, break morale)

• 2 atomic boms - Hiroshima, Nagasaki (8/6 and 8/9) → Japan’s surrender

Settler Colonialism

• intent to stay and control people

• structural system

  • deny/eliminate indigenous existence (white supremacy)

administrative colonialism

colonial power runs government with collaboration of the colonized

hegemony

social and political power

fronteir hypothesis

extension of Manifest Destiny - continue expanding beyond borders

motivations of imperialism

natural resources, labor, markets, conflict

Colonizing of Hawaii

ex: natural resources

• US enters treaty for Pearl Harbor (1887)

• dominates sugar plantations → displace Native Hawaiians

• foreign workers = less resistance

• US ANNEXES: 1898 (no tariffs)

Panama Canal

• access to markets

• canal halves time to go from E to W Us

Panama - protectorate

• 1903-1939

• received military protection in exchange for control of foreign affairs

Gold and Silver Roll

• apartheid system

• employees segregated by race and nationality

• White Americans = gold: paid more, in US $ (stronger)

  • everyone else: less, local currency, worse conditions

yellow journalism

• unethical/untrue (clickbait)

• ex: Spain blamed for blowing up US ship (cover/justify influence in Cuban revolution)

Spanish-American War

• turned into war to take Spanish colonies

• end of war: Spain cedes Cuba (partial control), PR, Guam, Phillippines for US for 20 million $

• portrayed as SPAIN’S FAULT

Attitudes/Perspectives - Imperialism

Roosevelt Corollary, Gunboat Diplomacy, Dollar Diplomacy, Moral Diplomacy

Roosevelt Corollary

• US can intervene in Latin America to stabilize economy, prevent Eu interference (adding to Monroe Doctrine)

• MD: no new colonization vs. RC: active authorization to intervene

  • “big stick” policy: use force

Rough Riders

led to TR - became war hero

Gunboat Diplomacy

• foreign policy w/use or threat of military force

  • advance interests/influence w/o war

Dollar Diplomacy

economic imperialism - extend US investments in less developed regions (Taft)

• 1915: invasion of Haiti (control economy and make them pay back debt)

open door policy

• government encouraged bankers to invest outside of US (China RR)

• challenged RU/JP domination, China should trade with US (ultimately fails)

Moral Diplomacy

• support countries with similar beliefs (Wilson)

  • democratic ideals, human rights, stability, try to shift countries to US style w/econ pressure

  • shift from imperialism (but not really)

consequences of imperialism

insular cases, violent uprisings

insular cases

territories not incorporated into US so constitution doesn’t apply (ex: Puerto Rico, citizenship but can’t vote)

Violent uprisings

• Phillippine War (1898-1902) - 200k dead

• opp led by Emilio Aguinaldo

• US involvement - why?

Anti-Imperialist League

• opposed taking Phillippines (many influential people in NE) (Carnegie)

• immoral, polluting race, too much cheap labor, more conflict

Platt Amendment

US controls Cuban foreign policy and can station military there (less Cuban independence)

American Empire today

• 750 bases in 80 countries, most $ on military in world

Zimmerman Telegram

• GE sends telegram to MX: could join w/GE and get back TX

  • increases popular sentiment for war

Liberty bonds

• US in HUGE debt for war - bonds sold to public (ppl and institutions) and were marketed as patriotic

War Industries Board

controls military supplies, has more power but corrupt

War Labor Board

resolved labor disputes, more rights to workers BUT no striking

Great Migration

Black migration from rural South to industrial N

• from poverty, racism to jobs, freedom

• new communities in Northern cities

CPI

• Committee on Public Information

  • propoganda for WW1

Espionage and Sedition Acts

• Espionage: penalties for spying/obstructing, no seditious materials in mail (ex: socialists)

• Sedition: prosecute people who criticize government

Wilson’s 14 points

principles US was fighting for - new nations, international conduct, league of nations

• flawed

League of Nations

• int. organization to oversee world affairs, prevent war (Wilson)

• opposed by isolationist

Chicago race riots

• white and black violence - worst violence of Red Summer

Marcus Garvey

founder of Black nationalism (United Negro Improvement Society had rallies, parades)

Red Scare

• middle-class fear and fight against radicalism

  • any instability/protest = radical threat

Sacco and Vanzetti

immigrants charged w/murder w/ questionable evidence (they were anarchists → led to protests)

Return to Normalcy

Harding wins on this slogan - end of reform

Battle of Coral Sea

first Allied victory in Pacific

Battle of Midway

US gains control of central Pacific

US and Holocaust

US didn’t help jews as much as they could have

St Louis

US rejects 1000 German Jews on ship, have to go back to Europe

CORE

Congress of Racial Equality: resistance to discrimination, start of Civil Rights Movement

Navajo code-talkers

• spoke their languages over phone (Japanese couldn’t translate)

Bracero program

US and MX govt make program: contract laborers go to US to work

• poor conditions, low pay

Zoot Suit Riot

• mexicans wear suit zoots (pachucos)

• attacked by whites who weren’t prosecuted

Women and Children during WW2

• many more women in workforce (but still discrimination)

• limited childcare (latchkey children, juvenile crime)

Rosie the Riveter

symbol of patriotism and working women

Japanese-American internment

fear of Japanese helping Japan, taken to internment camps in West

D-Day Invasion

• Normandy: unexpected

• Germany now fights on 2 fronts

  • already devastated by Dresden bombings

Battle of the Bulge

• GE initially winning, but stopped at Bastogne, loses war here

Iwo Jima

US seizes island (air base) - costliest marine battle

Okinawa

Kamikaze planes attack Allied ships, desperate JP resistance

Manhattan Project

• secret project that built nuclear bomb (raced to defeat nazis)

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

• atomic bomb used on both cities, led to JP surrender (180k deaths)