Important: Structures

Các Dạng structures để trả lời

A future wish or preference

1. I’d really like to

2. I’d rather + V

3. I think I’d prefer to V (Over / than)

4. I think I’d rather + V (Over / than)

Talking about habits

1. I usually …

2. I tend to …

3. I normally

4. I generally

5. I try to

Talking about past habits

1. I tended to

2. I’d normally

3. …… a few times a week

4. In the past, I used to

5. When I was …., I …..

Talking about recent past

1. I’ve been + Ving (Lately / recently / for + time)

Possible future actions

1. I think I will

2. I don’t think I will

3. I don’t think so

4. I think so

Talking about issues you have not considered before (Part 3)

Begin cautiously → talk through reasons (your experience of it) → reach a conclusion

Giving causes

1. It could be down to + Ving / N

2. I think + S + has a lot to do with ….

Complaining about / showing appreciation for repeated actions

→ Sử dụng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn và kết hợp với từ “always” 

Vd: Complaining hành động của bản thân / của người khác  → I’m always losing things / He’s always losing things 

Vd: Showing appreciation → She’s always helping people

Highlighting a difference with comparisons and negatives

• but + S + tobe + not as + Adj + as + Noun
  Vd: I love Hai Phong City, but my hometown is not as crowded as Hanoi City.
  

• but + S + tobe nowhere near as + Adj + as + Noun (Còn lâu mới bằng)
  Vd: I love Hai Phong City, but my hometown is nowhere near as crowded as Hanoi City.
  

• but + S + Much more + Adj + than + Noun
  Vd: I love Hai Phong City, but Hanoi City is much more crowded than my hometown

Using hedging language to show how certain you are (and to be more precise)

Speculating and Making predictions about the future

Khi dự đoán (Make a guess) → Cần sử dụng may / might / could / is likely to happen in the future → Đó là đang showing high-level language skills đó. 

Khi sử dụng “will” là nói về 1 firm prediction (chắc chắn sẽ xảy ra) → Điều đó là tuyệt đối (Hơi rủi ro) 

Signspost để chuyển ý (Part 3)

1. In terms of … 

2. When it comes to … 

3. As for ….

Asking and giving permission

• To ask permission to do something

• Give someone permission to do something

• Get permission to do something

• To allow someone to do something

• To allow something

• To be allowed to do something

• To let someone do something

When I was in primary school, I had to ask permission to go to the bathroom. Some of my friends got into trouble for not asking teachers’ permission, they just went directly to the bathroom while we were studying maths. 

Back in highschool, my teachers gave students who prepared for kỳ thi học sinh giỏi (Excellent Student Competition) permission to miss classes and skip homework. 

Back in highschool, Students who prepared for kỳ thi học sinh giỏi (Excellent Student Competition) had to get permission to miss classes and skip homework, so they could focus entirely on their specialized subjects. 

The minister of education allows students who have national prizes to skip university entrance examinations and grant them direct admission to top universities in Vietnam. 

The minister of education allows skipping university entrance examinations after winning national prizes. 

In speaking, we often use 'a kind of” and 'a sort of' when a word doesn't fit exactly.

For example, if your school has spaces used for playing or for assemblies you can

say, 'There was a kind of playground' or 'There was a sort of hall where we had assemblies.'

Expand your ideas (Part 1)

Cách 1: Qualifying an Idea (Explaining the limits of it)

Dùng: But only … / But it’s only …

Expand your ideas (Part 1)

Cách 2: Making a comparison

Vd: But it’s not as big as / better than / smaller than

Expand your ideas (Part 1)

Cách 3: Adding a personal opinion and explaining it.

Vd:

And I think that’s good because ….. (Personal opinion + Explanation)

…., which means that …. (Explanation)

Sử dụng các từ “Like, enjoy, prefer, and be interested in”, những add thêm appropriate hedging language và add thêm reason / comment → để tăng level of responses 

Vd: In the past, I much preferred reading comic books because these books illustrated characters’ action vividly.

Expressing Regrets 

→ Using the same conditional tense as in the question (Type 2)

→ I would probably + V

Expressing Regrets 

→ By expressing a wish about the past

(Wish + Past perfect) → Từ wish thương là rise intonation 

Obligation

• To make someone do something

• To be made to do something

• To have to do something

Tự đặt ví dụ liên quan đến Education

Narrative tenses - recounting what happened (Improving Coherence in Part 2)

• Quá khứ để diễn tả hành động quá khứ → Có sự nối tiếp nhau 

• Quá khứ tiếp diễn để diễn tả những hành động đang xảy ra liên tiếp và động thời → Thường dùng để miêu tả background → Điểm thú vị là không nhất thiết phải dùng signpost và thời gian cụ thể để dùng → Đơn giản khi dùng là người nghe auto hiểu rồi. 

• Quá khứ hoàn thành dùng để diễn tả hành động xảy ra trước đó 

Signpost:

• Nói về ký ức, gợi nhớ về quá khứ

• As far as I can remember, It must have been … years ago now.

• One really clear memory I have is from when I + Clause.

Anyway, …

When speaking, 'anyway' is used to return to an

earlier subject, or get to the most interesting point in the story.

And, in fact, …

We can use 'in fact' to add something surprising or unexpected, or to correct an idea. Here, I used it to briefly recount something that happened at another time, and which supported my feeling that I had been

punished unfairly.

Signpost → Thường là rising intonation → Ra dấu hiệu để người nghe keep track 

Model Verb (Hiện Tại): Current possibility or Abilities to do this

Can

Model Verb (Tương Lai): Possible Future Outcome (Chỉ dựa vào giả thuyết, nên khả năng là phân vân, không chắc chắn)

May / Could / May

Model Verb (Tương Lai): Expected or likely future outcome (Dựa vào bằng chứng, nên rất chắc chắn)

Would

Model Verb (Cả 3 thời điểm HT - QK - TL): Recommended course of actions

Should / ought to

Model Verb (Cả 3 thời điểm HT - QK - TL): Obligations or strong need to do this

Have to / Need to / **MUST

Signposts: Talking about a planned future

• I’ve been playing around with the idea of Ving / N

• Looking ahead, I’m hoping to V

• I’ve been giving some thought to [V-ing]

To refer to the occasion

• For my birthday 

• For Christmas 

• When I graduated 

• After I’d helped someone 

Talking about when

• Last year / month / week 

• A few years ago / a few months ago / a few weeks ago / a few days ago 

• When I was 24 

If it was longer ago and you are not exactly sure when

• I must have been about 6 or 7 

• It must have been 10 years ago now 

• About ten years ago now 

**Stating a preference

• ‘d rather be + ving / a noun / or adjective (+ than→ Nếu muốn so sánh)

• ‘d (much) prefer + to V / to be + Ving (+ than→ Nếu muốn so sánh)

**Listing tasks

• ,which involves + Ving, Ving and Ving. 

**Expressing hopes and dreams (want to do)

**Expressing hopes and dreams (don’t want to do)

Vd: I could never do construction type job because I don’t really have physical strength.

**Talking about your dream job

1: Hope:  Sử dụng được ở thì hiện tại đơn, quá khứ tiếp diễn và verb đằng sau sẽ là “to V” hoặc “that + tương lai gần.” 

2. Would like: I’d like to be + Dream job 

Lưu ý: Từ “one day” refer đến unknown future và đặng vai trò như trạng ngữ.

Mẹo rising và falling intonation

• Rising tone ở từ / ý mình không chắc chắn, mơ hồ có guessing → Câu nào mà không chắc chắn là rising ở từ cuối sau giấy phẩy, dấu hỏi chấm

  

• Falling tone ở từ / ý tưởng mình chắc chắn→ Nhận các từ cuối ở câu và từ mình thấy chắc chắn, và các từ thuộc reference /substitution.

.

**Highlight the importance / difficulty / ease 

• It’s + adjective + to V 

Vd: It’s important to look professional 

**Kết luận lại quan điểm

• So, (Yes / No), I think summarize lại ý 

Vd: So, yes, I think clothing can be important but it varies a lot based on the workplace.

** Making suggestions and giving advice

**Sử dụng Can/ Could hoặc should / need to

→ Can/ Could thường là make suggestions 

→ Should / need to dùng cho STRONGER recommendations 

** Sử dụng connectors để nói về quy trình, trình tự

First of all, … Then, … Next,... After that,... (They could) also …. But I’d also …