AP HUG REVIEW

Space

The geometric surface of the Earth, an abstract concept of place.

Toponyms

Names assigned to places.

Sequent occupancy

Considers the history of a place and the successions of groups and cultures.

Region

An area with shared unique characteristics.

Scale

The relation of an object to the Earth as a whole.

Formal region

A region with a distinguished boundary and homogenous characteristics.

Functional region

Areas with a central node influencing surrounding areas.

Vernacular region

Exists in the perception of the region's residents.

Absolute location

Uses coordinates to pinpoint a place.

Relative location

Refers to the location of a place in relation to another.

Distance decay

Interaction decreases with increased distance between places.

Diffusion

Spread of people and ideas across the Earth's surface.

Hearth

The origin of diffusion.

GIS

Geographic Information Systems incorporate layers of data for analysis.

Cultural ecology

The relationship between culture and the natural environment.

Environmental determinism

Human behavior is determined by the environment.

Possibilism

Human behavior is not limited by the natural environment.

Stage 1 of Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Characterized by high birth and death rates due to poor sanitation and limited access to medications, leading to no population growth.

Stage 2 of DTM

Represents a population explosion due to increased food availability and reduced death rates, transitioning from high birth and death rates.

Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)

Countries in Stage 2.5 of DTM transitioning from agriculture to manufacturing, experiencing urbanization and lower Total Fertility Rates (TFRs).

Stage 3 of DTM

Occurs during the industrial revolution, marked by lower birth rates due to contraceptive use and education, along with reduced Infant Mortality Rate (IMR).

Stage 4 of DTM

Shows limited population growth, high urbanization, and equal birth and death rates, leading to Zero Population Growth (ZPG).

Stage 5 of DTM

Features a negative Natural Increase Rate (NIR), an aging population, and high dependency ratio, posing economic challenges.

Immigration

Movement towards a country, while Emigration is movement from a country, both influenced by the DTM stages.

Refugee

Forced to migrate to avoid conflict, different from Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) who haven't crossed borders, and Asylum Seekers seeking refugee status.

Language Families

Groups of languages linked by ancestral heritage, such as Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan, aiding in understanding linguistic connections globally.

Cultural Landscape

Result of syncretism blending cultures, with components like Art, Architecture, and Language shaping the identity of different groups.

Subcontinent

A large, distinguishable part of a continent, such as the Indian subcontinent comprising India, parts of the Middle East, and the Himalayas.

Kurgan Theory

A theory proposing that the first Proto-Indo-European speakers were the Kurgan people, nomadic warriors from present-day Russia-Kazakhstan who migrated to Europe and South Asia around 4300 BC.

Renfrew Anatolian Theory

Suggests that the first Proto-Indo-European speakers arrived in present-day Turkey 2,000 years before the Kurgans and were sedentary farmers.

Dialects

Regional variations of languages characterized by differences in vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

Isogloss

A line on a dialect map marking the boundary between linguistic features.

Creolized Language

A language formed by mixing a colonizer's language with the indigenous language, often reflecting a blend of cultures.

Multilingual State

A state where multiple languages are spoken and recognized, such as Switzerland with its four major languages:German, Italian, French, and Romansh.

Animist Belief System

A belief system that views nature as spiritual, commonly practiced by indigenous peoples like the Northuldra and Vodoun practitioners.

Universalizing Religion

A religion that aims to be global and appeal to all people, such as Christianity and Islam.

Ethnic Religion

A religion tied to a particular location or group of people, like Hinduism and Judaism, not seeking widespread appeal.

Internal Identity

Expression of cultural heritage, ethnicity, or place of origin to people who share the same heritage.

External Identity

Expression of cultural heritage, ethnicity, or place of origin to people who do not share the same heritage.

Ethnostate

A state where residents share the same language, faith, and ethnicity, like Japan and Israel.

Race

People sharing biological ancestors, distinct from ethnicity.

Racism

Viewing races as superior or inferior, leading to racial conflict.

Segregation

Physical separation of different races into different areas, synonymous with apartheid.

Nationality

Legal attachment to a country, uniting people under a common identity.

Centripetal Force

Unifying forces that bring people together within a country.

Centrifugal Force

Forces that promote separation and disunity within a country.

Environmental Determinism

Idea that culture is defined by the environment, proposed by Friedrich Ratzel.

Assimilation

Complete change of a minority culture group into the majority culture.

Acculturation

Adapting to a new culture while retaining aspects of one's original culture.

Colony

A territory legally tied to a sovereign state and not independent of the state's control.

Colonialism

Efforts by one country to establish settlements in another territory and impose certain practices.

Neocolonialism

Modern colonialism driven by economics and a desire for money, used by developed countries to control developing countries.

Territoriality

Political control over a space, with territories changing via annexation or boundary adjustments.

Boundary

An invisible line marking the extent of a state's territory, with various origins and types of disputes.

UNCLOS

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, setting territorial limits and dividing off-coast waters into zones.

Chokepoint

A geographic location, whether land or sea, that one must cross through to reach another location.

Frontier

Open and undefined territory, like Antarctica, with historical examples of superimposed boundaries.

Shapes of States

Different state shapes like compact, elongated, prorupted, perforated, and fragmented, impacting communication and stability.

Types of Government

Different government structures like democracy, autocracy, unitary, and anocracy, influencing power distribution and decision-making.

Types of Economies

Different economic systems like feudalism, capitalism, communism, and socialism, affecting resource allocation and wealth distribution.

Gerrymandering

Manipulating legislative boundaries for political advantage, with types like wasted vote, excess vote, and stacked vote.

Geopolitics

Global relationships between sovereign states, influenced by centripetal and centrifugal forces, with examples like Yugoslavia's balkanization.

Heartland-Rimland Model

Theory linking control of Eastern Europe to global dominance, emphasizing land as a commodity of conflict.

Shatterbelt Theory

Concept of regions caught between larger powers, like Eastern Europe during the Cold War, experiencing conflict.

Containment Theory

Strategy to contain communist influence through buffer states, aiming to limit the spread of communism globally.

Subsistence Agriculture

Found in developing countries, where food is produced for the farmer's family consumption, potentially leading to undernourishment due to insufficient energy intake.

Commercial Agriculture

Found in developed countries, where food is produced and sold for profit, characterized by less physical labor, use of machinery, larger farms, and cash-crops for sale.

Pastoral Nomadism

A form of extensive subsistence agriculture based on herding domestic animals in dry climates, involving livestock exchange for grains and practicing transhumance.

Shifting Cultivation

Extensive agriculture practiced in tropical regions, involving slash-and-burn clearing, crop rotation, and concentric field arrangement for soil regeneration.

Intensive Subsistence (Wet Rice Dominant)

In densely populated areas like Southeast Asia, characterized by small plots, high agricultural density, animal plowing, and cultivation of wet rice.

Plantation Agriculture

Intensive agriculture in subtropical regions, operated by European and North American powers, growing specialized crops for domestic consumption and export.

Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming

Intensive agriculture common in the U.S. and Europe, involving a mix of crops and livestock to reduce income variations and improve sustainability.

Dairy Farming

Intensive agriculture focused on milk production, with regions specializing in cheese and butter production, facing challenges of labor intensity and winter feeding.

Mediterranean Agriculture

Intensive agriculture in hilly, moist regions bordering the sea, growing crops like olives and grapes for human consumption and horticulture.

Ranching

Extensive commercial grazing of livestock in developed countries, evolving from nomadic herding to confined ranching and CAFOs for meat production.

Aquaculture

Controlled cultivation of seafood, practiced in leading fishing countries like China, Indonesia, India, and Vietnam, with Japan heavily reliant on it for Sushi.

Specialty Agriculture

Small-scale farming focusing on natural, organic, and luxury products like heirloom plants, free-range livestock, and value-added foods.

Von Thunen Model

A theory considering labor intensity, market distance, and land cost in agricultural location decisions, explaining the cost-to-distance relationship and bid-rent theory.

Agricultural Economy

The complex system resulting from agricultural revolutions and globalization, contributing significantly to the global GDP and commodity chain.

Commodity Chain

The five stages including Inputs, Production, Processing, Distribution, and Consumption, exemplifying the process of getting food from the field to the consumer's plate.

Agribusiness

The integrated effort where one business controls multiple farms, increasing political power and heavily relying on factory farms or CAFOs.

Monoculture

Planting a single type of crop over a large field, commonly practiced due to the need for staple crops but posing challenges to soil health.

Urban Land-use Patterns

The organization and distribution of services, industries, and settlements in urban areas, influenced by factors like resources, transportation, and market dynamics.

Sector Model

Developed by Homer Hoyt in 1939, this urban model depicts a city with sectors instead of rings, showing a divide in ethnic variations and the extension of industries and housing from the CBD in a wedge or linear corridor.

Multiple Nuclei Model

Created by C.D Harris and E.L Ulman in 1945, this model suggests that a city has multiple centers of activities (nodes) attracting different functions, such as high-class housing and industrial areas being separated.

Latin American City Model

Developed by Ernest Griffith and Larry Ford, this model highlights the elite sector where wealthy individuals live along a commercial spine with specialized services, emphasizing the proximity of wealthy areas to the CBD.

Peripheral Model/Galactic City Model

Introduced by Chauncey Harris, this model represents post-industrial cities with dispersed CBDs, reflecting deindustrialization and the separation of facilities to the urban periphery.

Southeast-Asian City Model

Proposed by Terrance Garry Mcgee, this model showcases densely populated cities with upper-class housing strips and squatter settlements on the periphery, focusing on the absence of a definite CBD and the importance of ports.

Sub-Saharan Africa Model

Created by Harm de Blij in 1968, this model illustrates African cities with three distinct CBDs reflecting historical development, including traditional, market zone, and colonial CBDs, often surrounded by informal settlements and shantytowns.

Density Gradient

The change in population density in an urban area, where the number of houses per unit of land decreases as distance from the city center increases, reflecting shifts in urban population distribution over time.

Economic Sectors

The division of the economy into primary (natural resources), secondary (manufacturing), and tertiary (services) sectors, with tertiary further divided into quaternary (business services) and quinary (consumer services).

Economies of Scale

The concept where efficiency and productivity increase as production levels rise, resulting in lower costs per unit.

Formal Sector

Jobs with regular hours, wages, and income taxes, providing security and benefits, contrasting with the informal sector.

Commodity Chain

The process a product undergoes from producer to consumer, integrated into all economic levels.

Deindustrialization

The shift from a manufacturing-based economy to a service-based one, leading to creative destruction and long-term economic benefits.

Agglomeration

The clustering of human activities around a central place.

Central Place Theory

Proposed by Walter Christaller, it states that market areas are arranged in a regular pattern with larger market areas in larger settlements, fewer in number, and farther apart than smaller market areas.

Agglomerated Economies

Firms selling similar products cluster together to reduce transportation costs, such as in the automotive industry.

Growth Poles

Concentrations of technically advanced industries that stimulate economic development, like Silicon Valley.

Deglomeration

Occurs when locations become overloaded with similar firms and services, leading to the potential movement of companies to new locations.