a&p II lecture exam 3

path of urine, the correct sequence from formation to elimination is:

kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

kidney functions:

includes waste removal, regulation of blood pressure, acid-base balance, and erythrocyte production via erythropoietin. it does not regulate lymphocyte production.

hormonal triggers, erythropoietin:

secreted in response to low blood oxygen

hormonal triggers, renin:

secreted by granular cells in response to low blood pressure or sympathetic stimulation

hormonal triggers, location:

kidneys are retroperitoneal (posterior to the peritoneum). right kidney is roughly 2 cm lower than the left to accommodate the liver.

internal anatomy, renal medulla:

houses the renal pyramids

internal anatomy, minor calyx:

the first structure to collect newly formed urine

internal anatomy, innervation:

autonomic supply comes from cranial nerve x (vagus) and sympathetic nerves from T10 to T12

the nephron and filtration, functional unit:

the nephron is the filtration unit. 85% are cortical nephrons (corpuscles near the peripheral edge of the cortex)

the nephron and filtration, juxtamedullary nephrons:

crucial for establishing the salt concentration gradient used to concentrate urine

the nephron and filtration, juxtaglomerular apparatus:

consists of granular cells which release renin and the macula densa

the nephron and filtration, fluids and filtrate:

fluid: 1 & filtrate: formed in the capsular space

the nephron and filtration, tubular fluid:

found in the PCT, nephron loop, and DCT

the nephron and filtration, urine:

once it enters the collecting duct/system

the nephron and filtration, glomerular filtration:

blood pressure in the glomerulus is higher than other capillaries because the afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent arteriole

renal physiology and transport, reabsorption:

nutrients like glucose and amino acids are typically completely reabsorbed from the tubular fluid

renal physiology and transport, urea:

it is filtered, and can be both reabsorbed and secreted and about half of filtered urea is excreted in urine

renal physiology and transport, countercurrent multiplier:

refers to the opposite flow of tubular fluid in the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop

renal physiology and transport, vasa recta:

as blood flows alongside the ascending limb it flows toward the cortex

general organization, functions:

ingestion, secretion, absorption, and elimination. micturition is a urinary function, not digestive.

general organization, accessory organs:

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. the pharynx is part of the digestive tube (GI tract), not an accessory organ.

anatomy, oral cavity:

initial site of both mechanical and chemical digestion. the fauces are the openings to the oropharynx.

anatomy, greater omentum:

the "fatty apron" extending from the stomach and site of "beer belly" adipose accumulation

anatomy, GI tunic layers (outer to inner):

serosa (or adventitia), muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

accessory organs, liver:

has four lobes: right, left, caudate, and quadrate. (the "round lobe" is not a lobe; the round ligament is a remnant).

accessory organs, pancreas:

located primarily on the left side of the body and produces alkaline juice rich in enzymes

nutrients, lipids:

include triglycerides and steroids

nutrients, carbohydrates (sucrose):

found in fruits and maple syrup

nutrients, carbohydrates (cellulose):

a plant carbohydrate that humans cannot digest and stays in the GI tract as fiber

nutrients, vitamins (water-soluble):

vitamin C and B-vitamins

nutrients, vitamins (fat-soluble):

vitamins A, D, E, and K

nutrients, glucose excess:

if not needed glucose is converted to acetyl CoA to synthesize triglycerides for storage

metabolic rate, basal metabolic rate (BMR):

influenced by surface area and generally the greater the surface area the higher the BMR

metabolic rate, total metabolic rate (cold exposure):

TMR increases to generate heat

metabolic rate, exercise:

TMR increases during exercise and for hours afterward due to oxygen debt and recovery

which of the following gland produces copious amount of saliva when you are eating (or when you are thinking about food)?:

a. submandibular gland

b. sublingual gland

c. parotid gland

c. parotid gland

which of the following is not a function of the stomach?:

a. mechanically breaks down food

b. chemically breaks down food

c. secreting hormones

d. absorbs alcohol

e. all of the above are functions of the stomach

e. all of the above are functions of the stomach

large amount of water is secreted in the alimentary tract because many food particles can be broken down by _____:

a. oxidative phosphorylation

b. hydrolysis

c. dehydration synthesis

d. redox reaction

b. hydrolysis

the squeezing movement that propels food down the length of the alimentary canal is known as:

a. peristalsis

b. hemolysis

c. hypophysis

d. parasaurolophus

a. peristalsis

true/false: activities of the digestive system generally decrease when it is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system:

a. true

b. false

b. false

which major blood vessel carries nutrient dense and toxin rich blood to the liver?:

a. hepatic vein

b. hepatic portal vein

c. hepatic artery

d. common hepatic duct

b. hepatic portal vein

mesentery is formed by which of the following structure?:

a. visceral pleura

b. visceral neurons

c. visceral peritoneum

d. visceral pericardium

c. visceral peritoneum

the accessory cells attached to the surface of the glomerulus and controls the movement of filtrate contents are known as:

a. enterocytes

b. chondrocytes

c. astrocytes

d. podocytes

d. podocytes

urine is eliminated from the body to the outside world via which of the following vessel?:

a. thoracic duct

b. renal pelvis

c. ureter

d. urethra

d. urethra

large amount of water is secreted in the alimentary tract because many food particles can be broken down by ______:

a. oxidative phosphorylation

b. dehydration synthesis

c. hydrolysis

d. redox reaction

c. hydrolysis

breaking down polysaccarides into monosaccharides is considered an example of:

a. anabolic reaction

b. catabolic reaction

c. endothermic reaction

d. nuclear reaction

b. catabolic reaction

which of the following is the primary region for chemical digestion?:

a. large intestine

b. small intestine

c. mouth

d. esophagus

b. small intestine

which of the following substance would you expect to be able to pass through the filtration membrane of the glomerulus and become part of the filtrate?:

a. platelet

b. albumin

c. red blood cells

d. glucose

d. glucose

where does urea exit the renal tubules?:

a. proximal convoluted tubule

b. nephron loop

c. glomerular capsule

d. collecting duct

d. collecting duct

how does the myogenic response counter increase of blood pressure?:

a. increase diameter of afferent arteriole

b. decrease diameter of afferent arteriole

c. increase diameter of afferent arteriole

b. decrease diameter of afferent arteriole

which vessel does blood flow through immediately prior to the vasa recta?:

a. afferent arteriole

b. glomerulus

c. efferent arteriole

d. arcuate artery

c. efferent arteriole

which of the following statements about the countercurrent multiplier is true?:

a. the countercurrent multiplier system occurs in the distal convoluted tubule.

b. the countercurrent multiplier system helps to create a concentration gradient in the renal medulla.

c. the countercurrent multiplier system is not important for urine concentration.

d. the countercurrent multiplier system is only active during dehydration.

b. the countercurrent multiplier system helps to create a concentration gradient in the renal medulla.

which of these four statements about the urinary tract is true?:

a. the female urethra is longer than the male urethra.

b. the ureters carry urine from the urinary bladder to the urethra.
c. the micturition reflex causes the relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter.
d. the ureters are located within the thoracic cavity.

c. the micturition reflex causes the relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter.

which of the following is typically absent from urine?:

a. glucose

b. ammonia

c. water

d. sodium

a. glucose

the main functions of the urinary system are:

a. removal of waste and storage of nutrients

b. removal of waste and regulation of water and electrolyte balance

c. regulation of water and electrolyte balance, only

d. regulation of water balance and blood glucose level

b. removal of waste and regulation of water and electrolyte balance

blood vessels and the renal calyces are located in the:

a. renal capsule

b. renal hilum

c. renal pelvis

d. renal sinus

d. renal sinus

which of the following are organs of the urinary system?:

a. kidneys

b. small intestine

c. ureters

d. urinary bladder

e. gallbladder

f. urethra

a, c, d, f

the functional filtration unit of the kidney is the:

a. renal corpuscle

b. vasa recta

c. nephron

d. glomerulus

c. nephron

the junction of the renal medulla and renal cortex is called the:

a. renal pyramid

b. corticomedullary junction

c. renal papilla

d. major calyces

b. corticomedullary junction

match the tissue layer surrounding the kidney with its function:

1. anchors the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall and peritoneum _____________.

2. maintains the shape and protects it from trauma ___________.

3. outermost layer; composed of adipose connective tissue ___________.

4. contains adipose tissue; offers cushioning and insulation ___________.

1. renal fascia & 2. fibrous capsule & 3. paranephric fat & 4. perinephric fat

choose the correct order of urine formation and flow through the kidney:

collecting tubules

collecting ducts

renal papilla

papillary duct

1. collecting tubules & 2. collecting ducts & 3. papillary duct & renal papilla

what percentage of glomerular filtrate becomes urine?:

a. 1%

b. 10%

c. 25%

d. 40%

a. 1%

urine is formed in the:

a. major calyces

b. capsular space

c. nephron

d. vasa recta

c. nephron

which of the following is one of the processes in urine formation?:

a. urine synthesis

b. glomerular reabsorption

c. tubular secretion

d. filtration from afferent arteriole

c. tubular secretion

most of the water in tubular fluid is reabsorbed in the:

a. collecting tubule

b. nephron loop

c. distal convoluted tubule

d. proximal convoluted tubule

d. proximal convoluted tubule

complete the sentences regarding nephron anatomy:

1. each nephron is composed of two parts: a

____________ and a renal tubule.

2. the renal corpuscle is composed of a glomerulus and a _________ capsule.

3.this area is where the filtrate is formed from the ________.

4.leading away from the corpuscle is the _________, which consists of three regions.

5. the regions include the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the ___________.

1. renal corpuscle & 2.glomerular & 3. plasma & 4. renal tubule & 5. nephron loop

name the arteries that supply the kidney, in sequence from largest to smallest:

arcuate arteries

renal artery

afferent arterioles

segmental arteries

1. renal artery & 2. segmental arteries & 3. arcuate arteries & 4. afferent arterioles

place a single word into each sentence to make it correct:

1. there are four major stages in the ________ of urine.

2.the first stage involves creating a filtrate in the ___________.

3.second, the filtrate flows through the tubules and useful substances are ___________.

4. waste products are _______ by the tubules.

5. the last stage is water _____________

occuring in the collecting duct.

1. formation & 2. glomerulus & 3. reabsorbed & 4. secreted & 5. conservation

complete each sentence regarding water reabsorption:

1. low blood pressure causes the kidneys to increase the secretion of ______ from the granular cells.

2.the activation of _________ Ilstimulates widespread vasoconstriction, release of ADH from the posterior pituitary, as well as the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.

3.aldosterone acts on the _____ of the kidney tubules to reabsorb greater amounts of _______ from the tubular fluid.

4. the release of ______ directly stimulates the ________ of the kidney to

increase water reabsorption from the tubular filtrate.

5. the net result of angiotensin II, aldosterone, and ADH cooperatively is an ________ blood pressure resulting largely from increased blood volume.

1. renin & 2. angiotensin II & 3. DCT & 4. sodium & 5. ADH & 6. collecting ducts & 7. increase

which of the following is true about inulin?:

a. some inulin filtered by the glomerulus is reabsorbed by the peritubular capillaries.

b. all inulin is either filtered by the glomerulus or secreted by the peritubular capillaries.

c. inulin is removed from the peritubular capillaries by tubular secretion.

d. all inulin filtered by the glomerulus remains in the renal tubule and appears in the urine.

e. most inulin filtered by the glomerulus is reabsorbed by the peritubular capillaries.

d. all inulin filtered by the glomerulus remains in the renal tubule and appears in the urine.

glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is typically measured using the filtering rate of a polysaccharide fiber called:

a. inulin.

b. insulin.

c. glycogen.

d. urea

a. inulin

the external urethral sphincter is under __________ control:

a. parasympathetic

b. somatic

c. reflex

d. sympathetic

b. somatic

relaxation of the external urethral sphincter is caused by:

a. signals from the brain.

b. sympathetic innervation of the sphincter.

c. parasympathetic innervation of the sphincter.

d. increased action potentials to the sphincter.

a. signals from the brain.

the micturition reflex involves Impulses from the bladder traveling to which region of the spinal cord?

a. thoracic

b. sacral

c. lumbar

d. coccygeal

b. sacral

in response to low blood _______, the kidneys secrete __________.

a. calcium; renin

b. sodium; calcitriol

c. potassium; erythropoietin

d. glucose; calcitriol

e. oxygen; erythropoietin

e. oxygen; erythropoietin

the kidneys are located _________ the peritoneum:

a. posterior to

b. within

c. anterior to

a. posterior to

pain from the kidneys is usually referred by way of the:

a. autonomic pathways to the inferior pelvic organs.

b. sympathetic pathways to the T11-L2 dermatomes.

c. parasympathetic pathways to the T1-T2 dermatomes.

d. somatic pathways to the left shoulder.

b. sympathetic pathways to the T11-L2 dermatomes

granular cells synthesize and release the enzyme:

a. calcitriol.

b. renin.

c. antidiuretic hormone.

d. angiotensinogen.

b. renin

cortical nephrons have their corpuscles near ______ edge of the cortex and are the _______ common type of nephron:

a. peripheral; more

b. deeper; less

c. deeper; more

d. peripheral; less

a. peripheral; more

which type of epithelial cell within collecting tubules and collecting ducts are responsive to aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone?

a. intercalated endocrine cells

b. principal cells

c. type A intercalated cells

d. type B intercalated cells

b. principal cells

in the process of urine formation, first:

a. tubular fluid is formed, then filtrate, then urine

b. filtrate is formed, then tubular fluid, then urine

b. filtrate is formed, then tubular fluid, then urine

fluid contained within the lumen of a nephron loop is called:

a. tubular fluid

b. filtrate

c. plasma

d. urine

a. tubular fluid

the presence of proteins in the plasma tends to:

a. draw fluid back into the glomerulus

b. push fluid across the filtration membrane

a. draw fluid back into the glomerulus

which step(s) in the process of urine formation occurs) in the renal tubule?

a. secretion only

b. filtration, secretion, and reabsorption

c. secretion and reabsorption only

d. reabsorption only

e. filtration only

c. secretion and reabsorption only

the units for measurement of glomerular filtration rate are:

a. mm Hg

b. liters per minute

c. liters

d. mm Hg per minute

b. liters per minute

blood pressure in the glomerulus is ________ than in other capillaries due to the relatively large diameter of ________ arterioles:

a. lower; afferent

b. higher; efferent

c. lower; efferent

d. higher; afferent

d. higher; afferent

glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of:

a. solutes in the tubular fluid

b. blood in the glomerular capillaries

c. filtrate in the glomerular capillaries

d. blood in the nephron capsule

e. tubular fluid in the glomerular capsule

b. blood in the glomerular capillaries

someone with a diet that is high in vegetables but low in animal protein is likely to have very active:

a. type B cells, which secrete HCO(- subscript 3) and reabsorb H+

b. type A cells, which secrete HCO(- subscript 3), and reabsorb H+

c. type A cells, which reabsorb HCO(- subscript 3), and secrete H+

d. type B cells, which reabsorb HCO(- subscript 3), and secrete H+

a. type B cells, which secrete HCO(- subscript 3) and reabsorb H+

the renal threshold of a substance refers to:

a. the number of protein transporters for the substance per tubule.

b. the concentration of the substance in the urine that results in an overall increase in urine volume

c. the plasma concentration of the substance below which it does not appear in the urine

d. the concentration of the substance found in the kidney before the substance becomes toxic

c. the plasma concentration of the substance below which it does not appear in the urine

for glucose to be reabsorbed from the tubule lumen, it is transported into the tubule cell by means of a:

a. Na+ /glucose symporter

b. Na+ /glucose antiporter

c. glucose uniporter

d. glucose protein channel

a. Na+ /glucose symporter

to measure GFR, an individual's urine is examined for the concentration of a test substance that they received by injection. how is that test substance treated by the kidney?:

a. it is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted

b. it is neither filtered nor reabsorbed, but it is secreted

c. it is not filtered, but it is secreted and reabsorbed

d. it is filtered, reabsorbed, and excreted, but it is not secreted

a. it is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted

to measure GFR, an individual's urine is examined for the concentration of a test substance that they received by injection. how is that test substance treated by the kidney?:

a. it is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted

b. it is neither filtered nor reabsorbed, but it is secreted

c. it is not filtered, but it is secreted and reabsorbed

d. it is filtered, reabsorbed, and excreted, but it is not secreted

a. it is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted

where in the urinary tract is transitional epithelium found?:

a. ureters, urinary bladder, and prostatic urethra

b. ureters and urinary bladder

c. urinary bladder

d. urethra

e. ureters

a. ureters, urinary bladder, and prostatic urethra

the normal pH for urine:

a. is anything below 7.0.

b. ranges between 3.0 and 6.0.

c. is anything above 7.0

d. ranges between 4.5 and 8.0.

e. ranges between 8.0 and 9.0 for someone with a diet high in protein.

d. ranges between 4.5 and 8.0

select all that are effects of ANP:

a. systemic vasodilation

b. increased peripheral resistance

c. increased urine output

d. increased blood pressure

a, c

put the events in order to show how the respiratory system acts to correct acidosis:

a. CO2 reacts with H2O to produce H2CO3

b. more CO2 is eliminated through lungs

c. H2CO3 releases H+

d. respiratory center is stimulated

e. cells increase production of CO2

f. rate and depth of breathing increase

e, a, c, d, f, b

when compared to extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid contains:

a. more potassium but fewer negatively charged proteins.

b. more potassium and more negatively charged proteins.

c. less potassium and less negatively charged proteins.

d. less potassium but more negatively charged proteins.

b. more potassium and more negatively charged proteins.

a comparison of the two major body fluid compartments reveals that:

a. six-sevenths of the total fluid is outside our cells and one-seventh is within our cells.

b. two-thirds of the total fluid is within our cells and one-third is outside our cells.

c. half of the total fluid is within our cells and half is outside our cells.

d. six-sevenths of the total fluid is within our cells and one-seventh is outside our cells.

e. two-thirds of the total fluid is outside our cells and one-third is within our cells.

b. two-thirds of the total fluid is within our cells and one-third is outside our cells.

interstitial fluid has a relatively ___________ concentration of sodium and chloride; the concentrations of ions within the interstitial fluid and blood plasma are very _________:

a. high; different

b. low; different

c. low; similar

d. high; similar

d. high; similar

diabetes mellitus, profuse sweating, and hyposecretion of ADH can each lead to:

a. volume excess

b. dehydration

c. overhydration

d. hypotonic plasma

b. dehydration