FNH 160 FLASHCARDS

Vitamin D

________: helps increase absorption of dietary calciumin small intestine, activated in liver and kidneys.

Troponin

________: holds the actin filament and tropomyosin together.

Oropharyngeal phase

________: Involves movement of the bolus from the mouth to pharynx and then esophagus.

Hypercalcemia

________: too much secretion of calcium, weakens bones and reduces excitability.

Enterogastric reflex

________: Intrinsic and extrinsic nerves of the duodenum send signals to inhibit stomach muscle contraction.

Stressor

________: can be physical, chemical, physiological, infectious, or psychological /emotional, social.

Hepatocytes

________: liver cells that surround central vein in liver.

Diabetes Mellitus

________: a condition when glucose can not be taken up by the target cell receptors or can not be secreted, causes high blood glucose in the blood and has many health implications.

Hyperplasia

________: increasing cell division and preventing cell death.

Medullary cavity

________: inside of the diaphysis, contains bone marrow, and nerve and blood supply.

Calmodulin

________: binds to Ca2+ to activate protein kinase that leads to phosphorylation of myosin head.

Positive feedback

________: a mechanism that controls secretion of hormones (ex.

Brush border enzymes

________: peptidases further digest smaller peptides into peptides and amino acids, and disaccharidases further digests disaccharides into monosaccharides.

Pineal gland

________: located deep in the middle of the brain, main function is to secrete melatonin.

Oxytocin

________: Stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

Uvula

________: seals off nasal passages during swallowing.

Hypocalcemia

________: not enough secretion of calcium, causes overexcitability of nerves, muscle spasms.

Cortisol

________: Stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose), Inhibits glucose uptake and use by tissues (not brain), Stimulates protein degradation, especially in muscle, Facilitates lipolysis (breakdown of fat), Plays key role in adaptation to stress: Increases blood glucose to prepare body for flight /fight or fasting.

Atrophy

________: loss of muscle mass, when muscle mass is not used regularly and have regressed.

Acromegaly

________: large hands and feet, prominent forehead & chin, occurs, GH excess in adulthood.

T tubules

________: tubes that run through the sarcoplasmic reticulum to send action potential through it, causing Ca2+ release towards thin filaments in myofibril.

Xerostomia

________: lack of saliva, Caused by medications or problems with salivary glands, Symptoms: difficulty chewing and swallowing, difficulty with speech.

Hyperthyroidism

________ (definition, causes, and symptoms): too much secretion from thyroid gland, Body erroneously produces thyroid- stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI), causes increased BMR.

CAMP

________: cycling adenosine monophosphate, small, hydrophilic molecule that is important in intracellular second messenging.

Hyposecretion

________: too little hormone secreted into the blood.

main motility

Swallowing: Moves food from mouth to stomach (________ in pharynx.

Gastrin

________: secreted by G cells, Stimulate motility & release of HCl and pepsinogen.

Follicle

________ stimulating hormone: In females, stimulates growth & development of ovarian ________ and secretion of estrogen by ovaries.

Bile salts

________: secreted from the gall bladder to the small intestine, emulysifyies fats, neutralizes chyme, and digests nutrients.

Somatostatin

________: secreted by D cells, negative feedback to parietal, G & ECL cells, turns of HCl secretion.

Anabolism

________: the buildup or synthesis of larger organic macromolecules from small organic subunits, usually requires ATP energy, results in Manufacture of materials needed by the cell and Storage of excess ingested nutrients not immediately needed for energy production or use as cellular building blocks, ex.

Prolactin

________: Not a tropic hormone, Enhances breast development and milk production in females.

Pacemaker

________ potential: Membrane potential gradually depolarizes on its own due to shifts in ions across the membrane (opening of ion channels), When membrane depolarizes to threshold, action potential is generated, Repolarizes only to depolarize again; self- generating action potentials.

Rectum

________: where feces is stored before defacation.

Esophageal phase

________: Movement of the bolus down the esophagus.

Androgens

________: sex hormones, mainly DHEA, that affect females where it governs Growth of pubic and axillary hair, Enhancement of pubertal growth spurt, and Development and maintenance of female sex drive.

Endocrine

________: communication system in the body that regulates homeostasis through secretion of hormones that act on target cells.

Enterohepatic circulation

________: bile salts are synthesized in the liver and stored in the gall bladder to be secreted, can then be reabsorbed into the gall bladder.

Bolus

________: food after chewing and mixing with saliva.

Parathyroid hormone

________: primary regulator of Ca2+, pulls Ca2+ from bone when plasma calcium levels decrease.

absorption of vitamin

Parietal cells: Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor, intrinsic factor needed for ________ B12.

Stomach

________: divided into 3 sections based on structural and functional distinctions: the fundus, body, and antrum.

Goitre

________: an enlarged thyroid gland, occurs when TSH excessively stimulates thyroid gland and it adapts by growing to meet demand, may accompany hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism but need not be present in either condition.

Hypersecretion

________: too much hormone secreted into the blood.

Power stroke

________: occurs when myosin head cross bridge with actin filament to pull filament inwards.

Negative feedback

________: a mechanism that controls secretion of hormones, tries to bring effect back to a homeostatic range.

Clock proteins

________: concentration in SCN induce cyclic changes in neural discharge from SCN.

Calcitonin

________: inhibits osteoclast activity when plasma calcium levels are high.

Myofibril

________: contractile component of muscle fibre, made of repeating units.

Thyroglobulin

________: intermediate form of T3 /T4, made from tyrosine in the ER and golgi before being secreted into the colloid.

Endocrine

communication system in the body that regulates homeostasis through secretion of hormones that act on target cells

Positive feedback

a mechanism that controls secretion of hormones (ex

Oxytocin

childbirth), enhances current effect

Negative feedback

a mechanism that controls secretion of hormones, tries to bring effect back to a homeostatic range

Neuroendocrine reflex

connected to the nervous system, ex

Circadian/diurnal rhythms

has natural pattern of secretion that revolves around a daily cycle (sleep-wake cycle), ex

Hypersecretion

 too much hormone secreted into the blood

Hyposecretion

too little hormone secreted into the blood

cAMP

cycling adenosine monophosphate, small, hydrophilic molecule that is important in intracellular second messenging

Adenohypophysis

anterior pituitary gland, contains glandular epithelial tissue

Neurohypophysis

posterior pituitary gland, contains nervous tissue

Vasopressin

Conserves water during urine formation

Oxytocin

Stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding

Tropic hormones

regulate hormone secretion by other endocrine glands

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Stimulates thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

Follicle stimulating hormone

In females, stimulates growth & development of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen by ovaries

Luteinizing hormone

In females, responsible for ovulation and luteinization( regulates ovarian secretion of female sex hormones)

Growth hormone

Stimulates release of somatomedins from liver, Regulates growth & metabolism

Prolactin

Not a tropic hormone, Enhances breast development and milk production in females

Hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones

Releasing and inhibiting hormones released from hypothalamus

Portal system

a vascular arrangement in which blood flows from one capillary bed through a connecting vessel to another capillary bed

Pineal gland

located deep in the middle of the brain, main function is to secrete melatonin

Melatonin

Helps keep bodys circadian rhythms in synchrony with light-dark cycle and promotes sleep, Influences reproductive activity, including onset of puberty, Acts as antioxidant to remove free radicals, Enhances immunity, Slows aging

Clock proteins

concentration in SCN induce cyclic changes in neural discharge from SCN

SCN (Suprachiasmatic nucleus, abbreviation sufficient)

contains clock proteins that take a day to synthesize and degrade (in cycles), drives circadian rhythm

Hyperplasia

increasing cell division and preventing cell death

Hypertrophy

increasing protein synthesis

Somatomedins

peptide hormones secreted primarily from the liver in reponse to GH, act on bone and soft tissues to promote cell division, protein synthesis & growth

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)

promotes bone growth through promoting growth of cartilage and stimulating activity of osteoblasts, directly promoting growth of chondrocytes

Chondrocytes

cartilage forming cells

Osteoblasts

bone building cells

Osteoclasts

bone breaking cells

Epiphysis

end/knob of long bone

Diaphysis

shaft of long bone

Epiphyseal plate

cartilage between the diaphysis & epiphysis

Acromegaly

large hands and feet, prominent forehead & chin, occurs, GH excess in adulthood

T3 & T4 (full names not required)

free form of thyroid hormones that bind to target cells

Thyroid gland colloid

where TG is taken and iodine is secreted to, to create T3 and T4

Thyroglobulin

intermediate form of T3/T4, made from tyrosine in the ER and golgi before being secreted into the colloid

Hyperthyroidism (definition, causes, and symptoms)

too much secretion from thyroid gland, Body erroneously produces thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI), causes increased BMR

Hypothyroidism (definition, causes, and symptoms)

not enough secreted from thyroid gland, Secondary to a deficiency of TRH, TSH, or both, Inadequate dietary supply of iodine, causes decreased BMR

Goitre

an enlarged thyroid gland, occurs when TSH excessively stimulates thyroid gland and it adapts by growing to meet demand, may accompany hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism but need not be present in either condition

Adrenal cortex

secretes steroid hormones

Adrenal medulla

secretes catecholines (norepinephrine and epinephrine)

Mineralocorticoids

regulate blood pressure, Influence mineral balance (Na+ and K+)

Aldosterone

helps maintain Na+ balance in blood, Activated by renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by factors related to a reduction in Na+ and a fall in blood pressure,

Glucocorticoids

Major role in glucose metabolism and stress response

Androgens

sex hormones, mainly DHEA, that affect females where it governs Growth of pubic and axillary hair, Enhancement of pubertal growth spurt, and Development and maintenance of female sex drive

Cushing syndrome

hypersecretion of cortisol, increased lipolysis and protein breakdown, bruises easily, fat deposits around abdomen, impairs ability to repair tissue