OAT Boot day 5 - Cell Cycle

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Last updated 5:57 PM on 5/31/26
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76 Terms

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What are the two phases the Cell Cycle is divided into?

The Interphase and M Phase

<p>The <strong>Interphase </strong>and <strong>M Phase</strong></p>
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What makes up interphase?

G1, G0, S, G2

<p><strong>G1, G0, S, G2</strong></p>
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What makes up the M phase?

Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis

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What is Karyokinesis?

Division of Genetic Material

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What is Cytokinesis

Division of the cell itself

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Pneumonic of the phases of the cell cycle (5)

  • Or just name the 5 stages.

Go = Gap phase 1 (G1) of interphase

Sam = Synthesis phase (S) of interphase

Go = Gap phase 2 (G2) of interphase

Make = Mitosis of the M phase

Cake = Cytokinesis of the M phase

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Interphase (what are the phases here)

Consists of:

  • G1

  • G0

  • G2

<p><strong>Consists of:</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>G1</strong></p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>G0</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>G2</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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G1

  • What is also in tandem in this spot

1. Gap phase 1 (G1): Cell grows in preparation for cell division and checks for favorable conditions; if favorable cell proceeds to S phase

G0 can also happen at this point

<p><strong>1. Gap phase 1 (G1):</strong> Cell grows in preparation for cell division and checks for favorable conditions; if favorable cell proceeds to S phase</p><p></p><p>G0 can also happen at this point</p>
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G0

  • Cell still carries out functions, but not preparing for division

<p></p><ul><li><p>Cell still carries out functions, but not preparing for division</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Synthesis Phase

Cell replicates its genome and centrosome

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Genome

All the DNA in the cell

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Centrosome

An organelle that aids in cell division

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Gap Phase 2

Organelles replicated and DNA is assessed for errors, checks mitosis promoting factor (MPF) AKA maturation promoting factor levels;

a sufficient amount is needed to proceed to M phase (cell division)

<p>Organelles replicated and DNA is assessed for errors, checks <strong>mitosis promoting factor </strong>(MPF) AKA <strong>maturation promoting factor </strong>levels; </p><p></p><p>a sufficient amount is needed to proceed to M phase (cell division)</p>
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M Phase

Stage in the cell cycle where karyokinesis and cytokinesis

occur

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Types of Karyokinesis in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes

  • Mitosis + Meiosis

  • Utilize microtubule organizing centers

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Types of Karyokinesis in Prokaryotes

binary fission:

  • Genome replicates while cell division occurs (no S phase)

  • No microtubule organizing center

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Microtubule Organizing Centers (MTOCs)

  • Present in eukaryotic cells in order to organize the microtubules that facilitate karyokinesis

  • Form the spindle apparatus, which guides chromosomes during karyokinesis

<ul><li><p>Present in eukaryotic cells in order to organize the <strong>microtubules </strong>that facilitate <strong>karyokinesis</strong></p></li><li><p>Form the <strong>spindle apparatus</strong>, which guides chromosomes during karyokinesis</p></li></ul><p></p>
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MTOC’s in Animal Cells

Centrosomes:

Replicate during S phase so each daughter cell gets one

  • Microtubules are made of tubulin

They are made of a pair of centrioles

<p><strong>Centrosomes: </strong></p><p>Replicate during S phase so each daughter cell gets one</p><ul><li><p>Microtubules are made of <strong>tubulin</strong></p></li></ul><p></p><p>They are made of a pair of <strong>centrioles</strong></p><p></p>
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Centrioles

  • Hollow cylinders oriented at 90 degrees

  • Attatched by interconnecting fibers

  • made of 9 microtubule truplets (9×3)

<ul><li><p>Hollow cylinders oriented at 90 degrees</p></li><li><p>Attatched by <strong>interconnecting fibers</strong></p></li><li><p>made of 9 microtubule truplets (<strong>9×3)</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Cillia and Flagella are made of what?

9 microtubule doublets

There is 2 singlets in the middle.

<p><strong>9 microtubule doublets</strong></p><p></p><p>There is <strong>2 </strong>singlets in the <strong>middle. </strong></p>
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Pericentriolar Material + what is it used for?

Surrounds Centrioles, responsible for microtubule nucleation.

Microtubule Nucleation: (chat answer) process by which new microtubules begin to form inside a cell. It is the first step in building the microtubule cytoskeleton,

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Microtubule Types

Polar

Astral

Kinetichore

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Polar Microtubules

Connect centrosomes and push them to opposite sides of the cell.

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Astral

Attach to cell membrane to orient chromosome

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Kinetochore Microtubules

Attach to the kinetochore of the chromosome

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Functional Limitations in the cell cycle

Physical reasons why cells need to divide once reaching a certain size

Surface to Volume Ratio:

  • Cell volume becomes too large for the surface area of their plasma membrane to support; Decrease in S/V leads to division

Genome to Volume Ratio

  • Cell Volume becomes too large for the genome to support; decrease in G/V leads to cell division.

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Cell Specific Regulations: List all 5 off

  • Cell Cycle Checkpoints

  • Cyclin dependent Kinases

  • Growth Factors

  • Anchorage dependence

  • Density Dependent inhibition

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Cell Cycle Checkpoints (3 of em)

G1 Restriction Point:

  • Conditions are favorable to grow and eventually divide.

End of G2

  • Accurately replicated genome

  • Sufficient MPF Levels (maturation promoting factor)

    • MPF is the protein complex that controls the cells entry into mitosis

M Checkpoint

  • Microtubules properly attached to chromosomes.

<p><strong>G1 Restriction Point: </strong></p><ul><li><p>Conditions are favorable to grow and eventually divide.</p></li></ul><p></p><p><strong>End of G2</strong></p><ul><li><p>Accurately replicated genome</p></li><li><p>Sufficient MPF Levels (maturation promoting factor)</p><ul><li><p>MPF is the protein complex that controls the cells entry into mitosis</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p><p><strong>M Checkpoint</strong></p><ul><li><p>Microtubules properly attached to chromosomes. </p></li></ul><p></p>
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G1 Restriction Point

G1 Restriction Point:

  • Conditions are favorable to grow and eventually divide.

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End of G2

M Checkpoint

  • Microtubules properly attached to chromosomes.

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M Checkpoint

M Checkpoint

  • Microtubules properly attached to chromosomes.

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Cyclin Dependent Kinases

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs): phosphorylate certain molecules in order to signal cell cycle progression

  • Activated by cyclin, a protein that cycles through stages of synthesis and degradation

<p><strong>Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)</strong>: phosphorylate certain molecules in order to signal cell cycle progression</p><p></p><ul><li><p>Activated by <strong>cyclin</strong>, a protein that cycles through stages of synthesis and degradation</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Growth Factors

Growth factors: bind plasma membrane receptors to signal growth and cell division

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Anchorage Dependenance

Cells divide only when attached to an external surface

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Density dependent inhibition:

halting of cell division when cell density is too high

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GENERAL CHECKPOINTS IN THE CELL CYCLE

knowt flashcard image
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Genome

All DNA in the cell

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Chromatin

Chromatin: Loosely winded DNA + protein complex (histones)

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Chromosome

Separate DNA molecules that make up the genome

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Sister Chromatids

Identical copies of the same chromosome

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Dyad

Identical sister chromatids joined to form an X shape

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Centromere

Region connecting sister chromatids in dyad

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Kinetochore:

Proteins that associate with microtubules in cell division

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Mitosis Phases

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

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Prophase

● Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

● Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear

● Spindle apparatus forms

<p>● Chromatin condenses into chromosomes</p><p>● Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear</p><p>● Spindle apparatus forms</p>
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Metaphase

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Anaphase

  • Kinetochore microtubules shorten to pull sister chromatids apart

  • Sister chromatids are now considered individual chromosomes - chromosome count doubles

<ul><li><p>Kinetochore microtubules shorten to pull sister chromatids apart</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>Sister chromatids are now considered individual chromosomes - chromosome count doubles</p></li></ul><p></p><p></p>
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Telophase

  • Chromosomes have separated, nuclear membrane and nucleolus reforms

  • Chromosomes decondense into chromatin

  • Spindle apparatus disappears

<ul><li><p>Chromosomes have separated, nuclear membrane and nucleolus reforms</p></li><li><p>Chromosomes decondense into chromatin</p></li><li><p>Spindle apparatus disappears</p></li></ul><p></p><p></p>
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Cytokinesis in animal cells

In animal cells, cytokinesis begins in late anaphase with the formation of a cleavage furrow

  • Contractile ring of actin microfilaments and myosin motors that pinches cell into two

Cytokinesis ends when the cells are completley split

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Cytokinesis in plant cells

  • Cytokinesis completes once cells completely split

  • In plant cells, cytokinesis only begins in telophase with the formation of a cell plate, ends up producing middle lamella

<ul><li><p><strong>Cytokinesis </strong>completes once cells completely split</p></li><li><p>In plant cells, cytokinesis only begins in telophase with the formation of a <strong>cell plate</strong>, ends up producing <strong>middle lamella</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Ploidy Def

The number of chromosome sets in the body

<p>The number of <strong>chromosome sets </strong>in the body</p>
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Haploid

Containing one set of chromosomes

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Diploid

containing 2 sets of chromosomes

  • Two different copies of the same chromosome in a diploid organism.

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Mitosis Vs Meiosis

  • Mitosis involves the division of a diploid cell into two genetically identical diploid cells

  • Meiosis involves two divisions of a diploid cell to produce four genetically distinct haploid daughter cells

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Main two phases of meiosis and what it means.

Meiosis is divided into:

  • Meiosis I: homologous chromosomes separate

    • Reductional division

  • Meiosis II: sister chromatids separate

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Somatic Cells in the human ploidy

Diploid

2n = 46

<p><strong>Diploid </strong></p><p><strong>2n = 46</strong></p>
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Germ Cells in the human body:

can divide via mitosis to form more diploid germ cells, or via meiosis to form haploid gametes

<p>can divide via mitosis to form more diploid germ cells, or via meiosis to form haploid gametes</p>
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Gametocytes

Eukaryotic Germ Cells

<p><strong>Eukaryotic Germ Cells</strong></p>
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Gametes

(sex cells - sperm and eggs) are haploid n=23

<p>(sex cells - sperm and eggs) are <strong>haploid </strong>n=23</p>
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Synapsis

Homologous chromosomes pair up to form tetrads

(AKA bivalents)

<p>Homologous chromosomes pair up to form <strong>tetrads</strong></p><p>(AKA <strong>bivalents</strong>)</p>
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Synaptonemal Complex

Protein structure that forms between homologous chromosomes during synapsis

<p>Protein structure that forms between homologous chromosomes during synapsis</p>
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Chiasmata

Crossing over site that leads to genetic recombination

<p>Crossing over site that leads to genetic recombination</p>
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Prophase I

  • Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

  • Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear

  • Spindle apparatus forms

  • Synapsis:

  • Synaptonemal complex:

  • Chiasmata:

SITES of the above things.

<ul><li><p><strong>Chromatin </strong>condenses into <strong>chromosomes</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Nucleolus </strong>and <strong>nuclear envelope disappear</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Spindle apparatus </strong>forms</p></li></ul><p></p><ul><li><p><strong>Synapsis</strong>:</p></li><li><p><strong>Synaptonemal complex</strong>: </p></li><li><p><strong>Chiasmata</strong>: </p></li></ul><p></p><p>SITES of the above things. </p><p></p>
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Metaphase I

  • Tetrads line up in double file on the metaphase plate

  • Independent assortment increases genetic diversity

<ul><li><p><strong>Tetrads </strong>line up in double file on the metaphase plate</p></li><li><p><strong>Independent assortment </strong>increases genetic diversity</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Anaphase I

  • Kinetochore microtubules shorten, pulling homologous chromosomes apart

  • Sister chromatids do not separate - chromosome # remains unchanged

<ul><li><p>Kinetochore microtubules shorten, pulling homologous chromosomes apart</p></li></ul><p></p><ul><li><p>Sister chromatids do not separate - chromosome # remains unchanged</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Telophase I and Cytokinesis

● Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reforms

● Chromosomes decondense into chromatin

● Spindle apparatus disappears

The two new daughter cells are haploid

<p>● Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reforms</p><p>● Chromosomes <strong>decondense </strong>into <strong>chromatin</strong></p><p>● Spindle apparatus disappears</p><p></p><p>The two new daughter cells are <strong>haploid</strong></p>
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Prophase II

● Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

● Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear

● Spindle apparatus forms

No crossing over occurs

<p>● Chromatin condenses into chromosomes</p><p>● Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear</p><p>● Spindle apparatus forms</p><p><em>No crossing over occurs</em></p>
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Metaphase II

● Spindle apparatus guides chromosomes to metaphase plate (midpoint of cell) in single file

<p>● Spindle apparatus guides chromosomes to metaphase plate (midpoint of cell) in single file</p>
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Anaphase II

knowt flashcard image
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Telophase II and Cytokinesis

● Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reforms

● Chromosomes decondense into chromatin

● Spindle apparatus disappears

Four haploid Cells produced in total

<p>● Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reforms</p><p>● Chromosomes decondense into chromatin</p><p>● Spindle apparatus disappears</p><p></p><p><em>Four haploid Cells produced in total</em></p>
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Mitosis Chromosome and Chromatid Counts across each phase

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Meiosis 1 Chromosome and Chromatid Counts

<p></p>
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Meiosis II chromosome and Chromatid Counts

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