Snead State Anatomy And Physiology 2 Exam 1

Define Endocrine

: produce hormone and release them directly into the surrounding tissue fluids and blood stream

define exocrine

 secrete non-hormonal substances through a series of tubes or ducts

Define Autocrine

 released by cells and have a local effect on same cell type from which chemical signals released; ex prostaglandin

define paracrine

released by cells and affect other cell types locally without being transported in blood; ex somatostatin

Define Neurotransmitter

 produced by neurons and secreted into extracellular spaces by presynaptic nerve terminals; travels short distances; influences postsynaptic cells; ex acetylcholine

Define Diapedisis

 process by which white blood cells squeeze through the intake walls of blood vessels to enter the surrounding tissue.

Define Chemotaxis

 attraction to and movements toward foreign materials or damaged cells. Accumulation of dead white cells and bacteria is pus

Define Infundibulum

 stem that connects the posterior pituitary gland to the nervous system

what are the three patterns of hormone secretion

chronic hormone secretion, auto hormone secretion, and episodic (cyclic) hormone

Chronic hormone secretion

 maintenance of relatively constant concentration of hormone. Thyroid hormone

acute hormone secretion

 epinephrine in response to stress. Hormone rapidly increases in blood for short amount of time

episodic (cyclic) hormone secretion

female reproductive hormones. A hormone is stimulated so that is increases and decreases in the blood at a relatively consistent time and roughly the same amount

What are the three ways that hormones can be regulated?

Neural Stimuli, Hormonal Stimuli, Negative-feed back

neural stimuli

an action potential in a neuron innervating an endocrine cell stimulates secretion of a stimulatory neuro transmitter. The endocrine cell secretes its hormone into the blood where it will travel to its target. An ap in the neuron stimulate secretion of an inhibitory neurotransmitter. The endocrine cell is inhibited and does not secrete its hormone

hormonal stimuli

 neurons in the hypothalamus release stimulatory hormones, called releasing hormones. Releasing hormones travel in the blood to the anterior pituitary gland. Releasing hormones stimulate the release of tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary, which travel in the blood to their target endocrine cell. The target endocrine cell secretes its hormone into the blood, where it travels to its target and produces a response. The hormone from the target endocrine cell also inhibits the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary from secreting the releasing hormone and the tropic hormone. This is negative feed back.

negative-feed back

the anterior pituitary gland secretes a tropic hormone ,which travels in the blood to the target endocrine cell. The hormone from the target endocrine cell travels to its target. The hormone from the target endocrine cell also has a negative feedback effect on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus and decreases secretion at the tropic hormone

what is the function of the hypothalamus related to the endocrine system?

to maintain homeostasis

What is the function of ADH?

Regulates your body’s water balance and blood pressure. Prevents dehydration by signaling the kidneys to increase water reabsorption and constrict blood vessels. Increasing this acts on the kidney tubules to increase water reabsorption, resulting in reduced urine volume, increased urine osmolality, and decreased blood osmolality. This helps maintain blood osmolality and volume. 

What stimulates ADH production?

 Increased blood osmolality and decreased blood volume or pressure

What is the function of Oxytocin?

 Enters the circulation, increasing contractions of the uterus and milk ejection from the lactating breast

what are the functions of growth hormone

stimulates the uptake of amino acids and protein synthesis. stimulates breakdown of fats to be used as an energy source but stimulates synthesis of glycogen: glucose sparing. promotes bone and cartilage growth. regulates blood levels of nutrients after a meal and during periods of fasting

What is the pre-curser molecule during of T3 and T4?

Thyroglobulin

list the lipid soluble hormones

   Cholesterol and thyroid hormones

·        Estrogen and testosterone

·        Cortisol

·        Aldosterone

·        Thyroxine (T4) and Triidothyronin (T3)

list the water soluble hormones

·        Peptides and proteins

·        Oxytocin

·        Growth hormone

·        Prolactin

·        FSH

·        LH

·        TSH

·        Calcitonin

·        PTH

·        Glucagon

What is the function of PTH?

  Increases blood calcium and phosphate levels. Stimulates osteoclasts. Promotes calcium reabsorption by the kidneys and PO4 excretion. Increases synthesis of vitamin D which in turn, increases absorption of Ca and PO4 by intestines. Regulation depends on calcium.

Where are the adrenal glands located?

   Near superior poles of the kidneys

what is the product of zone glomerulosa ?

aldosterone

what is the product of zone fasiculata?

glucocorticoids- cortisol

what is the product of zone reticularis?

weak andorgens converted to testosterone

List the cells of the pancreas

alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells

what is the product of alpha cells?

secrete glucagon

what is the product of beta cells?

produce insulin

what is the product of delta cells?

produce somatostatin

Where is the pituitary gland located?

   In the brain

What kind of tissue is blood?

  Connective tissue

what percent of the blood is plasma

55%

what percent of blood is formed elements?

45%

what is the make up of plasma

92% water and 7% proteins

what is the makeup of formed elements

44% red blood cells and 1 percent white blood cells

What are the proteins of the plasma?

Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

Where do neutrophils and monocytes come from? (specific)

bone marrow

Where do RBC come from? (specific)

bone marrow

What makes up a RBC?

  1/3 hemoglobin and 2/3 lipids, ATP, and carbonic anhydrase

What are the agranulocytes?

  Lymphocytes and monocytes

What are the granulocytes?

  Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

What are the functions of eosinophils?

  Leave circulation and enter tissues during an inflammatory response. Prevalent in allergic reactions. Destroy inflammatory chemicals like histamine. Release chemicals that help destroy tapeworms, flukes, pinworms, and hook worms

What are the characteristics of thrombocytes?

 Also known at platelets. Cell fragment, form platelet plugs, release chemicals if necessary for blood clotting

 A blood type:

A antigen, Anti- B antibody

   B blood type:

 B antigen, Anti- A antibody

 AB blood type:

 A and B antigens, no antibodies

  O blood type:

no antigens, Anti- A and Anti-B antibodies

What does a MHC Class 1 molecule do?

 Found on surface of nucleated cells. In concert with antigens that were produced inside the cell from, for example, digested virus particles. Like displaying a flag saying “kill me” MHC-restricted: both MHCI and foreign antibody are displayed together

What does a MHC Class 2 molecule do?

  Found on surface of antigen-presenting cells. B-cells, macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells. Display of MCHII with foreign antigen is like “rally around the flag” stimulates other immune system cells to respond to the antigen

What kind of infections is cell mediated immunity most effective against and why?

 Intracellular pathogens like viruses, certain bacteria, and protozoa. Because these pathogens invade and replicate inside the body’s own cells, circulating antibodies cannot reach them