Nursing Lecture: Activity and Mobility

50 practice flashcards covering Chapter 34 lecture notes on the skeletal system, muscle function, mobility, exercise benefits, and safe patient handling.

What are the five primary roles of the skeletal system in body movement?

Supports soft tissues, protects crucial components, furnishes surfaces for muscle/tendon/ligament attachment, provides storage for minerals and fat, and produces blood cells.

How are bones in the wrist and ankle classified by shape?

Short bones

Which bone classification contributes to height and length and is found in the extremities?

Long bones

Into what category do the ribs and skull bones fall according to shape classification?

Flat bones

Which classification includes bones such as those in the spinal column and the jaw?

Irregular bones

List the six types of freely movable joints mentioned in the lecture.

Ball and socket, Condyloid, Gliding, Hinge, Pivot, and Saddle.

What is the definition of circumduction?

Movement that occurs when the distal part of the limb is moved to trace a circle while the proximal end of the bone remains fixed.

How is abduction defined as a body movement?

Lateral movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.

What state of body movement is defined simply as being bent?

Flexion

What is dorsiflexion?

The backward bending of the hand or foot.

What are the three types of muscles in the human body?

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth (or visceral).

What are the four important functions of muscles?

Motion, maintenance of posture, support, and heat production.

What is the role of the afferent nervous system in muscle contraction?

It conveys information from receptors in the periphery to the Central Nervous System (CNS).

How does the Central Nervous System (CNS) convey a response to skeletal muscles?

Via efferent neurons by way of the somatic nervous system.

What are the four types of postural reflexes identified in the transcript?

Labyrinthine sense, Proprioceptor (kinesthetic) sense, Visual (optic) reflexes, and Extensor (stretch) reflexes.

Define ergonomics in the context of Safe Patient Handling and Mobility (SPHM).

The practice of designing equipment and work tasks to conform to the capability of the worker.

What are four variables that can lead to patient handling injuries?

Uncoordinated lifts, high exertion, awkward or static postures, and manual lifting or transferring.

What additional variables contribute to healthcare worker back injuries besides manual lifting?

Lifting when fatigued, repetitive movements (repositioning), standing for long periods, and transferring uncooperative or confused patients.

Name three factors influencing mobility related to a person's state of being.

Developmental considerations, physical health, and mental health.

What are the external and lifestyle factors that influence mobility?

Lifestyle, attitude and values, fatigue and stress, and external factors.

What is the definition of isotonic exercise?

Exercise involving muscle shortening and active movement.

What is the definition of isometric exercise?

Muscle contraction without shortening.

What is the definition of isokinetic exercise?

Muscle contraction performed with resistance.

Why is jogging classified as an isotonic exercise rather than isometric?

Because it involves active movement and muscle shortening.

What are the cardiovascular benefits of regular exercise?

Increased heart efficiency, decreased heart rate and blood pressure, increased blood flow, and improved venous return.

What is fibrinolysin and how is it affected by exercise?

It is a substance that breaks up small clots; its circulating levels increase with exercise.

How does exercise benefit the respiratory system?

It improves alveolar ventilation, decreases the work of breathing, and improves diaphragmatic excursion.

What are the benefits of exercise for the musculoskeletal system?

Increased muscle strength/flexibility, increased coordination, reduced bone loss, and increased nerve impulse transmission efficiency.

What metabolic benefits result from exercise?

Increased triglyceride breakdown, increased body heat production, and weight control.

How does exercise influence the gastrointestinal (GI) system?

It increases gastric motility, appetite, and intestinal tone, which improves digestion and elimination.

What are three major risks related to exercise?

Precipitation of a cardiac event, orthopedic discomfort/disability, and other health problems.

List the body systems that can be negatively affected by immobility.

Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Musculoskeletal, Metabolic, GI, Urinary, Skin, and Psychosocial outlook.

What six elements should be included in a physical assessment for mobility?

Ease of movement, gait and posture, alignment, joint structure/function, muscle mass/tone/strength, and endurance.

What information should be gathered during the mobility health history?

Daily activity level, endurance, fitness goals, mobility problems, physical/mental alterations, and external factors.

What are the primary goals of using proper body mechanics?

Prevention and correction of posture problems, and the enhancement of coordination and endurance.

Name five types of equipment used for positioning patients.

Pillows, mattresses, adjustable beds, bed side rails, and trapeze bars.

Name the five primary protective positions for patients in bed.

Fowler’s, Supine (dorsal recumbent), Side-lying (lateral), Sims’, and Prone.

What is the oblique position and why is it recommended?

A variation of the side-lying position that places significantly less pressure on the trochanter region.

List four common assistive devices for patient transfer and positioning.

Gait belts, lateral-assist devices, friction-reducing sheets, and transfer chairs.

What is the difference between active and passive range-of-motion exercises?

Active exercises are performed by the patient independently, while passive exercises are assisted by a healthcare provider.

What are the common mechanical aids used to assist with walking?

Walkers, canes, braces, and crutches.

What physical conditioning drill focuses on specific leg and buttock muscles?

Quadriceps and gluteal setting drills.

What is 'dangling' in the context of physical conditioning?

A technique where a patient sits on the edge of the bed with legs hanging before attempting to stand or walk.

Which devices use power to assist in patient mobility?

Powered stand-assist/repositioning lifts and powered full-body lifts.

What type of device is specifically used to assist with lateral patient movement?

Mechanical lateral-assist devices or friction-reducing sheets.

According to the transcript, what should be used instead of manual lifting to prevent injury?

Assistive devices and proper body mechanics.

Which joint movement involves moving a body part toward the midline?

Adduction

What is the result of 'improved diaphragmatic excursion' through exercise?

Better efficiency of the respiratory system.

How is the nervous system's effect on muscle contraction summarized?

Neurons conduct impulses from one part of the body to another, resulting in processed responses and skeletal muscle contraction.

True or False: Standing for long periods is a variable for healthcare worker injury.

True