Fundamentals Exam 3- Review

The Pulmonary Apparatus is made up of the

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs

the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles are referred to

bronchial tree

Cilia

small hairlike projects that act as a filtering system for air going into the lungs

one lungs surface area is equal to

a tennis court of surface area

how many alveoli are in the lungs?

milllions

why are the alveoli and capillaries extremly thin?

to allow for easy gas exchange

the right lung has how many lobes?

3 lobes

the left lung has how many lobes?

2 lobes

the pulmonary apparatus is contained within the

chest wall

the chest wall is made up of teh

rib cage, abdominal all, abdominal contents and diaphgram

the rib cage and diaphragm make up the

thoracic cavity

the thoracic cavity houses the

lungs

the diagphragm forms the

roof of the abdominal cavity and floor of the thoractic cavity

when the diaphgram contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity is

increased both vertically and circumfrentially

external intercostals assist in inspriation by

increasing the anteroposterior diameter of the chest

Internal intercostals assist in expiration by

pulling the rib cage down

pleural linkage is an external force that

allows the lungs to expand and contract as the thorax changes volume

what kind of pressure is in the pleural space?

negative pressure

the pleurae function is

to serve as protection for the lungs and provides a smooth surface for the lungs and thorax to move against each other

When alveolar pressure is negative

air from the atmosphere is forced to enter the respiratory system; known as inhalation

To decrease alveolar pressure,

the volume of the thoracic cavity must be increased

to decrease the volume of the lungs the diaphgram

relaxes

tidal volume

volume of air inhaled and exhaled during a cycle of respiratoin

inspiratory reserve volume

volume of air that can be inhaled above the tidal volume

expiratory reserve volume

volume of air that can be exhaled below tidal volume

residual volume

volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration and that cannot be voluntarily expelled

vital capacity

volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation

functional residual capacity

volume of air remaining in the lungs and airways at end-expiratory level

total lung capacity

total amount of air the lungs can hold

inspiratory capacity

maximum volume of air that can be inspired from end expiratory level

breathing for life is

unconscious and automatic

ratio of inahaltion to exhalatoin for breathing for life

40 to 60

ratio of inhlation to exhalation for breathing for speech

10 to 90

what percent of vital capacity does breathing for life use?

10%

what percent of vital capacity does breathing for speech use?

25%

what are the 3 changes in speech breathing over the lifespan?

emergence, refinement and adaption

the emergence period extends from

birth to 3 years

babies use what kind of muscles during expiration?

inspiratory muscle activity

refiement

the time during which speech in the young child has emerged but continues to progress toward the adult model

during the adaption period

the childs efficiency in breathing for speech continuous to become more adult-like

lung width, length and total capactiy continues to increase until

14 to 16 years of age

young children tend to inhale

more deeply and begin speaking at larger lung volumes than older children and adults

Infants use what percent of VC?

25% for a variety of vocalizatoins

todlers use waht percent of VC?

13% of VC for a variety of vocalizatoins

the percentage of rib cage contribution to changes in lung volume

increases as the child develops

Because of smaller airways, young children generate

higher pressures for speech than older children and adults

In older adults, changes to respiratory patters include

decrease chest wall compliance, diminished elastic recoil, reductions in VC, IRV and ERV and increase in RV

older adults waste how much more air?

2 to 3 times than younger speakers

what are inhalation patterns like for older adults?

they inhale more deeply

what patterns are seen in the abdomen for speech patterns in older adults?

it is moved more for breathing

pulmonary function testing

variety of tests designed to assess the amount of air an individual is able to inhale and exhale as well as how efficiently the person moves air into and out of the lungs

what is the most common method of PFT?

Spirometry

Spirometry is also used

therapeutically to help paitents with various respiratory disorders to improve their lung function by strengthening inspiratory muscles

Dyspnea:

subjectively perceived discomfort in breathing that can vary from mild to extreme

stridor

audible sound that occurs during inspiration and/or expiration, which may be high or low pitched resulting from turbulent airflow as the air passes through a narrowed or obstructed segment in the airway

the trachea splits into the

carina

the central portion of the diaphgram is composed of a flat sheet of tendon called the

central tendon

visceral pleura is the

inner layer that covers the outside of the lungs

parietal pleura is the

outer layer that attaches to the chest wall

which lung capacity is most important for speech?

vital capacity

what are the linguistic considerations for breathing for speech?

adjusting the time of breathes for appropriate flow of speech, taking in the right amoutn of air for an utterance and generating an exhale long enough to produce multiple syllables

Laryngeal Skeleton is made up of

one bone and 9 cartilages

Unpaired cartialges

thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis

paired cartilages are

arytenoids, corniculates and cuneiforms

the hyoid bone

a small u-shaped bone that forms the attachment for the root of the tongue

the larynx is suspended from the

hyoid by a sheet membrane called the thyrohyoid membrane.

thyroid cartialge

largest cartilage of the larynx

thyroid notch

the small v-shaped notch apparent at the top sufrace of the laryngeal protrusion

the vocal folds are attached to the inner surface of the thyroid at the

anterior commissure

cricoid cartilage

complete ring of cartilage located inferior to the thyroid

epiglottis

broad cartilage shaped like a leaf

vallecula

a wedge shaped depression between the base of the tongue and the anterior surface of the epiglottis

During swallowing the epiglottis folds

downward

in it’s resting position, the epiglottis is

upright

the most importnt paired cartilages are

the arytenoid cartilages

elastic vocal process

anteior projection from the arytenoid cartilages

muscular process

lateral and posteior projection from the arytnoid cartilages

Corniculate cartilages

located on the apex of the arytnoids; may not be present on all individuals

cuniform cartilages

located within the aryepiglottic folds; primary function is to stiffen these folds

cricoarytenoid joints

instrumental in vocal fold adduction and abduction

the cricothyroid joints allow

the thyroid cartilage to tilt downward or the cricoid cartilage to tilt upward

increasing the distance between thyroid cartilage or the cricoid cartilage

streatches the vocal folds aking them more tense and thin

when the vocal folds are elongated

they vibrate more rapidly, resulting in a higher frequency and pitch

the cricothyroid joints are the main agents of

fundamental frequency regulation in the human voice

the 3 valves include

aryepiglottic folds, false vocal folds and true vocal folds

aryepiglottic folds

the most superior of the folds; runs from the sides of the epiglottis to the apex of each arytenoid cartilages

False vocal folds

superior and parallel to the true vocal folds; closed during swallowing and effortful activities

the laryngeal ventricle

separates the false from the true vocal folds

the laryngeal ventricle conltains

glands that secrete mucous

true vocal folds have how many layers?

5

extrensic muscles

one point of attachment within the larynx and the other outside of the larynx

Intrensic muscles have

both points of attachment withint he larynx

what are the two kinds of extrensic muscles?

infrahyoids and suprahyoids

infrahyoids

external point below the hyoid bone

suprahyoids have

one point located above the hyoid

infrahyoids and suprahyoids are mostly involved in

swallowing

myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation

the most widely accepted model of voice production

To initiate vocal fold vibration

vocal folds must aduct to close the glottis

bernoulli’s principle

a gas, such as air, passing through a narrow channel, increases in velocity and decreses in pressure

vocal folds do not vibrate in

a completely even, periodic manner