lab 8 - information

what system returns fluids that have leaked from vessels back into the blood

lymphatic system

what are the components of the lymphatic system

lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymph nodes

what houses phagocytic cells and lymphocytes that play a role in the body's defense mechanisms and resistance against disease

lymphoid organs and tissues

what are the 2 major groups of lymphatic structures that occur in connective tissues

encapsulated lymph organs & diffuse lymphoid organs

what does the encapsulated lymph organs include

lymph nodes, the thymus gland, and the spleen

Each encapsulated organ is separated from the surrounding connective tissue by what?

fibrous capsule

what type of lymphoid organs do not have a defined boundary that separates from the connective tissue

diffuse lymphoid organs

Type of lymphatic tissue that is found in virtually every body organ

diffuse lymphoid organs

As lymph passes through a lymph node, phagocytes remove what?

microbes, debris, and other antigen

each lymph node is encased in what kind of tissue capusle?

dense connective tissue capsule

where are lymph nodes highly concentrated

in upper limbs and in the axillary and cervical regions

What is the largest lymphatic organ in the body?

spleen

The color of the red pulp is due to what

the blood that filters through

The white pulp appears blue due to what

the lymphocyte nuclei stains

As blood flows through the red pulp, free and fixed phagocytes in the pulp remove what?

abnormal red blood cells and other antigens from the blood

Upon exposure to antigens, lymphocytes of white pulp become sensitized to them and produce what to counteract

antibiotic

Blood drains from the sinuses of the red pulp to eventually empty into what vein

splenic vein

Flow of lymph between lymph nodes/other lymphatic organs relies largely on a combination of what?

skeletal muscular contraction and one way valves to prevent retrograde flow

what is lymph made from

extracellular fluid that has entered lymphatic vessels

further components of lymph are then added by

lymphatic organs

what are bean shaped lymphatic organs

lymph nodes

what are lymph nodes connected by

lymphatic vessels

The lymphatic system functions to collect and filter the lymph and is also teaming with

macrophages, T cells and B cells

Each lymph follicle within each lymph node is an active center for

B Cells Mitosis

Dendritic cells and phagocytic cells that eventually make their way to the ________ _________ of the epidermis are closely associated with follicles

stratum spinosum

Dendritic cells capture antigens and bring them back where?

lymph nodes

collections of lymphatic tissue associated with the inside of the throat

tonsils

where are tonsils located

at the base of the tongue, back of mouth, and back of nasopharynx.

In the Follicles are lighter stained germinal centers, housing what

proliferating B cells

Palatine Tonsils have several lymphoid nodules with numerous what?

germinal centers

Nodules are covered with ________________ epithelium and invaginate at places into tonsillar crypts.

stratified squamous

The thymus initiates the development of immunocompetent ?

T cells

in adult hood what happens to the thymus

degenerates

are diagnostic feature of the thymus and are sites that accumulate dead T Cells and are also involved in the development of regulatory T Cells that help prevent autoimmune responses

Hassall Corpuscles

what side of the abdominal cavity is the spleen located

left upper side

what is the function of the spleen

the largest encapsulated organ of the lymphatic system with many macrophages and lymphocytes, multi-tasks in entrapment and destruction of old erythrocytes and platelets.

regions in which erythrocyte destruction is active are characterized as

red pulp

regions where lymphocytes are concentrated are designated

white pulp

a cancer of the lymphatic system

Hodgkin Granuloma

Untreated cancerous overgrowth can lead to the breakdown of both the splenic

red and white pulp

characteristic of Hodgkin's Disease and are derived from B lymphocytes

Reed Stenberg Cells

crippled germinal center B Cells, Means they have not undergone hypermutation to express their antibody.

Reed Stenberg Cells

what defines the lips exteriorly?

the epidermis covering the anterior surface of the orbicularis oris muscle

The skin of the lip is covered with

poorly keratinized and pigmented epithelium allowing circulating blood to show more extensively beneath the surface (why red)

which are seromucous salivary glands associated with lips

labial glands

sheath of connective tissue and cells that surround the hair root

hair follicle

clusters of encapsulated gustatory receptor cells located mostly on surface of the tongue.

taste buds

The taste buds are concentrated on the surface of peg-like projections called

papillae

The taste bud encloses ________ cells that are aligned perpendicular to the free surface of the epithelial covering.

receptor

are the receptors cells for taste

gustatory

are stem cells that divide to produce new gustatory epithelial cells

basal epithelial cells

are also present amongst the gustatory and basal epithelial cells

support cells

what do teeth do?

shear and masticate (mash up) food in the oral cavity.

Adult teeth can be divided into the part above the gum line called

gingival margin

what is the root imbedded into

alveolar margin

The outer surface of teeth are plated with

enamel

the hardest tissue of the body (even harder than bone)

enamel

Below the enamel is a thick layer of _____ that makes up bulk of tooth

dentin

dentin is manufactured by what

odontoblasts

The _________ is the soft inner core region containing the blood and the nerve supply of the tooth

pulp

The _________ is the most anterior portion of the GI tract and uses peristaltic movement to transport swallowed food from the oral cavity to the stomach

esophagus

The _______________ is a thin muscular layer just below the luminal epithelium

muscularis mucosa

Directly beneath the muscularis mucosa is the _______ composed largely of loose connective tissue that is collagen rich and contains many of the neurovascular bundles that supply the mucosa

submucosa

what are the two layers of muscularis externa

circular and longitudinal layer

has smooth muscle fibers that lie perpendicular to the long axis of the lumen

circular layer

has muscle fibers that lie parallel to the lumen

longitudinal layer

The alternating contractions of these 2 layers (circular and longitudional) leads to what

peristaltic movement

what 3 things persist throughout much of the digestive tract

muscularis mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa

is fibrous connective tissue that anchors the esophagus to surrounding tissue

adventitia

Is just superficial to the masseter muscle on either side of head

parotid salivary gland

mixture of mostly water with digestive enzymes (amylase) and mucus

saliva

form substrate for blood vessels and nerves that ramify through the gland.

septa

convey saliva from inside of the gland to the parotid duct which empties to the inner surface of the mouth.

excretory ducts

The wall of the stomach is an absorption site for

water and some drugs, as well as food storage/mixing/sterilization site for recently ingested food

in the stomach wall are exocrine ducts from gastric glands that lead to the stomach lumen

gastric pits

contain exocrine epithelia that secrete mucus, gastric acid (hydrochloric acid), intrinsic factor (for absorption of vitamin B12), peptic cells that secrete pepsin neuroendocrine cells (break proteins down to peptides), and some stem cells.

gastric glands

is the most anterior portion of the small intestine adjoined to the posterior stomach, receiving gastric chyme upon stomach emptying.

duodenum

the duodenum is an exocrine release site for what

gallbladder and pancreatic secretions

Generic intestinal glands secrete a mixture of

sucrase, maltase, and peptidases

histological signatures of the duodenum

Brunner's glands

Produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion in order to protect the duodenum from the acidic content of the chyme, lubricate intestinal walls, and provide an alkaline condition for the intestinal enzymes to become active to enable absorption to take place

Brunner's Gland

are single-celled exocrine glands that secrete mucus

goblet cells

is the intermediate segment of the small intestine functioning in absorption

jejunum

is the terminal portion of the small intestine and is the location for absorption of vitamin B12 bound to intrinsic factor

ileum

Presence of lymphatic tissue called ____________ in the submucosa marks the end of the ileum

Peyer's Patches

The colon or large intestine is divided into the

ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid regions

Formation of feces progresses from the _______ to the ________ by progressive absorption of water

cecum to rectum

largest interior organ of the body.

liver

make and secrete blood proteins, store glycogen, and release glucose from storage as well as catabolizing drugs and break-down products of metabolism

hepatocytes

The liver also synthesizes bile acids that are conveyed by ducts into the ________ for storage and regulated release

gallbladder

Bile acids from the gallbladder mediate the digestion of

fat

allows blood flow between the small intestine and the liver

portal circulation

of the liver is marked by fibrous fatty deposits in the liver.

cirrhosis

This slowly progressing disease replaces healthy tissue with scar tissue which prevents the liver from functioning properly

cirrhosis

Cirrhosis usually results from

chronic alcohol abuse

is acute when it lasts less than six months and chronic when it persists longer.

Hepatitis

Hepatitis ultimately leads to

liver cell destruction

produces melatonin

pineal gland

controls body metabolism rate

thyroid gland

produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (cause physical arousal in response to danger, fear, anger, etc. - strong emotions)

adrenal glands