chapter 15 bonus deck (high yield)

What is humoral immunity?

Uses B cells and antibodies to fight pathogens in body fluids.

What is cell-mediated immunity?

Uses T cells to kill infected or abnormal cells.

What is the key difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?

Humoral uses antibodies (B cells), while cell-mediated uses T cells to kill cells.

What pathogens does humoral immunity target?

Extracellular pathogens like bacteria and toxins.

What pathogens does cell-mediated immunity target?

Intracellular pathogens like viruses inside cells.

Which cells are used in humoral immunity?

B cells and plasma cells.

Which cells are used in cell-mediated immunity?

T cells, especially cytotoxic T cells.

What is the lymphatic system?

A network that returns fluid to the blood and supports immunity.

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Fluid balance, lipid absorption, and immune defense.

What is lymph?

Fluid containing white blood cells, especially lymphocytes.

What are primary lymphoid organs?

Sites where lymphocytes mature.

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

Sites where lymphocytes are activated.

What are examples of primary lymphoid organs?

Bone marrow and thymus.

What are examples of secondary lymphoid organs?

Lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils.

What happens in the bone marrow?

B cells mature and lymphocytes are produced.

What happens in the thymus?

T cells mature.

What is the basic structure of an antibody?

Y-shaped molecule with two heavy chains and two light chains.

What is the variable region of an antibody?

The part that binds to antigen.

What is the constant region of an antibody?

The part that determines the antibody’s function.

What is the Fab region?

The arms of the antibody that bind antigen.

What is the Fc region?

The stem that interacts with immune cells.

What is the hinge region?

A flexible area that allows movement of the antibody arms.

What are the five classes of antibodies?

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD.

What is the function of IgG?

Provides long-term immunity and is the most abundant antibody.

What is the function of IgM?

First antibody produced during an immune response.

What is the function of IgA?

Protects mucosal surfaces and is found in secretions.

What is the function of IgE?

Involved in allergic reactions and parasite defense.

What is the function of IgD?

Acts as a B cell receptor.