Key Concepts in Cognitive and Interface Design: Distribution, Representation, and Usability

Distributing Cognition

Thinking is shared between a person and external tools such as notes, phones, calculators, calendars, or other people

Distributed Cognition Example

Using GPS navigation while driving instead of memorizing directions

Representation Matters

The way information is displayed affects how easy it is to understand and use

Chart

Best for showing trends or comparisons over time

Table

Best for showing exact numbers and detailed values

Map

Best for showing locations or spatial relationships

Calendar View

Best for showing schedules, dates, and time-based tasks

Typography

The design and arrangement of text to improve readability and communication

Good Typography

Clear fonts, readable size, good spacing, strong contrast, headings

Bad Typography

Tiny text, too many fonts, poor spacing, low contrast, clutter

Visual Design

The overall look of an interface that helps users understand and use it

Contrast

Using differences in size, color, or shape to highlight important elements

Hierarchy

Organizing content so users notice the most important things first

White Space

Empty space used to reduce clutter and improve readability

Consistency

Keeping layouts, buttons, fonts, and actions similar throughout a system

Grid

An invisible structure of rows and columns used to organize content

Why Use Grids

To create clean layouts, alignment, and consistency

Grouping

Placing related items close together so users understand they belong together

Alignment

Lining up elements neatly to make pages easier to scan

Reading and Navigation

How users read content and move through a website or app

Good Navigation

Clear menus, headings, links, labels, logical organization

Bad Navigation

Hidden menus, confusing labels, too many clicks, poor organization

User-Centered Design

Designing systems based on the needs, goals, and limitations of users

Usability

How easy and efficient a system is to learn and use

Cluttered Interface

A screen with too many competing elements that overwhelms users