Stone Exam #3

7 years war

• Britain defeats France & gains huge territory

• France loses Canada, influence on India & Caribbean sugar islands

*Britian = huge debt*

How does Britain pay back 7 Years war debt

North American colonies for revenue bc Brit. freed the from French attacks

British Policy on Colonies

• tax & control trade

• Parliament increase direct taxation

Problems with Colonies (Britain)

• self governing

• no representation from Parliament

Tax & Control Measures

• taxes on colonial goods

• expected colonies to pay for British troops

• army used as enforcers

*colonists see troops as oppressive*

Colonial Resistance under British control

• boycotts

• smuggling

• organized protests

How does Britain respond to colonial resistance

• repeal some taxes

• impose new taxes

British Retaliations

• closed Boston harbor

• removed local gov’t

• install military governor

*looked at as direct attack on colonial rights*

French Philosophy ideas that influenced colonists

• govern themselves

• right to overthrow unjust rulers

Early war 1775-76

• British trapped in Boston (April ‘75-March ‘76)

• Shift to New York (July ‘76)

• Americans fled to Penn.

Battle of Saratoga

• Capture of British army

• Possible American victory convinces France to help (treaty)

  • provides ships & troops

End of war in 1783

• British lose & abandon colonies

• French brought closer to bankruptcy

French Tax structure

1. church

2. Nobles

3. everyone else

No leg. King = Gov’t *no control over king*

French Revolution

• Estate general called to advise king & failed

• Revolt in Paris & capture kings fort = Bastille

Writing Focus shift on war

• early = west wrote about war

• later Greeco romans wrote how to wage war

Nassu read the booms & developed dutch system based on roman tactics

Tactic changes

• pikes → Muskets + bayonets

• required training of mass muskets & coordinating firing to conserve ammunitions

Formation Development

• column = move on & off field (fast)

• line = maximize gun fire

• square = defense against cavalry

Skirmishes

• light infantry

• scout & disrupt enemy

• everyone developed this by Napoleonic

Cavalry types

• light = speed

• dragoons = flexible & mounted

• heavy = shock force - old gendarmes

Napoleon

• trained as artillery man

• gains fame (Toulon - used artillery to drive out British & Spanish ships)

• takes power after French Revolution chaos

  • army & navy lose most of commands

Conscription

army draft (large)

demi brigades

experiences & new soldiers

Attack column

• new formation

• Mass of men marching w/ drumbeat towards the enemy 

• Meant then to shake out into long lines 

Nap return as coup (France) & becomes?

• one of 3 consuls

• only consul

• emperor

Nap domination of Europes mistakes

• invade spain

• invade russia

*Lost & driven to France then exiled to small island Elba*

Civil war main cause

slavery & growing anti-slave in north

Key event of south in civil war

• feared losing slavery

• left union violently

• ft. summer attacked & war begins

Baron von Steubon

• retied Prussian officer

• uniform training manual

Scotts tactics

• replace Steuben

• became new manual of US army

Hardees tactics

• replaces Scotts tactics

• included skirmishing, column, line & square

Technology & Tactics of Civil war

• better artillery + rifled guns

• more accurate & deadly

Portuguese Prince - Henry

• captures Ceuta on North Africa coast

• develops sea route to Asia

Ceuta

• Protected port 

• Foothold in Africa & its trade 

• A base to control North African piracy

Goods from Africa

1. Gold 

2. Ivory 

3. Slaves 

4. Spices 

Ibn Battuta - Trans saharan trade accounts

1. 1,000 mile one way trip 

2. 3 months one way 

3. Heat 

4. Cold 

5. Sand storms 

6. Raiders

goods from the East

1. Spices 

2. Silk 

Avoid middlemen who raise the prices

Portuguese strategy to avoid middlemen

• sail around them to east

Vasco de Gama

sails & reaches India

Portuguese technology that helped them trade all to Japan

• compass

• astrolabe (where you are)

• caravan (hybrid ship)

• shipboard artillery

Spain

• most controlled by moors (christians gradually reconquer)

• spain in hands of Ferdinand & Isabella

How did Spanish rulers gain wealth

• seize muslim possessions

• drive out jews & sell possessions

Cortez

• defeats Aztecs - Mexico (using:)

  • superior weapons

  • native allies

Other countries Spanish conquered

• central & South America

• result = Spanish are very rich

France during Spanish conquer

• founded beaver fur

• fur replaced by silk

• Loses Canada

• out of colonial business till Waterloo

Successful colony of England

• Jamestown

• but loses American colonies & focuses on India

Netherlands (Dutch)

• despite fighting 80 years war, still traded, colonized & explored

• colonized NY, North NJ, tip of south africa

Africa in 1914

Almost fully controlled by Europeans (colonies - because of resources, prestige & economic control)

Dutch settlement of 1914

• establish colony at southern tip of Africa

The Great Trek

• boers move inland to escape British rule

• leads: expand to interior africa & conflict with African societies = Zulu

Zulu Strength

• led by Shaka Zulu

• transforms zulu into highly militarized society organized into regiments

Battle of Blood River

• Boers vs. Zulu

• Boers use laager formation & defeat Zulu

Laager Formation

circling & chaining together their wagons - making a fort

Canada Provinces

• became confederations (easier to rule)

• Britain tried to do this with South Africa but Zulu stood in way

Chelmsford 2 attacks on Zulu

Isandlwana & Ulundi

Isandlwana

• failed attack on Zulu

• splits forces where half stayed in unlaggered camp & other half taken to scout for Zulu forces

Ulundi

• successful attack of Zulu

• captured Zulu king

South Africa conflicts of boers war

• 1st = British lose

• 2nd = British win

Egypt & sudan

• British Invasion of Egypt to control Suez Canal

• british defeat mahdist revolt

Mahdi

• led revolt to control Sudan

• Mahdi's forces captured Khartoum

• Mahdi died afterwards, revolt continued under his lieutenant, The Khalifa 

• Brit. expedition eventually defeats Khalifa's army at Omdurman

US trade shift

• no longer controlled by Britain

• traded freely into Pacific

• Japan = problem bc closed to foreign trade

Japan trade

• forced open by threat by Perry (gunboat diplomacy)

• ends isolation - only dutch trade

• emperor restored (overthrow shogun - military governor)

Russia vs. Japan

• Russia needs warm water port

• Russia gains through leasing Lushun - China = Port Arthur *typical Russian expansion*

• Led to rising tension between the two & leads to Japan victory d/t close proximity

  • Japan chases out Russia & gains port Arthur (by capturing hills overlooking port)

• Peace treaty by Roosevelt

Weapons Russia & Japan possess

• rifles

• breech loading rifled artillery

• machine guns

• armored ships

Russians = concrete bunkers, barbed wire, spot lights, hand grenades

Peace Treaty - Roosevelt

• showed modern weapons overcome by bravery

• importance of navies & need for fast, heavily armored ships

Wilhelms Plan

• worried he would be attacked from east (Russia) + west (France)

• A-H attacks Serbia

• Russia attacks A-H

• Germany attacks France & Russia

*All through Schlieffen Plan*

Schliefflen Plan

• germany attacks France first (through Belgium)

• Britain enters war

Why did Schlifflen plan fail?

• belgian & brit residents slow Germany

• germany redirects: Paris

• French + brit temporarily stop

• germans retreat & dig trenches

trench warfare

• xmas 1914 stretch 500 miles (Switzerland → North Sea)

Modern Weapons of 1914 (skills)

• accuracy

• range

• multiple shots

• ditched square but still uses column (horrible idea)

New weapons of 1914

• flame throwers

• giant artillery

• tanks

• aircraft

• poison gas

tactical strategy used later

• combined arms (artillery tans + spread out infantry + air attacks)

• wear gas mask & helmet

Charles turnip

• diplomat & farm methods

Arkwright

waterpower to thread/cotton make

Robespierre

• head of committee of Public safety during reign of terror

Xenophon

athenian solider - author that failed mercenary

Colombo

found Caribbean while going to India

Inca

NA who dominated western coast of S. American during Spanish conquest

Cetshwayo

last king of Zulu before defeat

Urabi

Egyptian officer who lead unsuccessful revolt against ottoman

Ieyasu Tokugawa

jap. military leader who founded military dictatorship

Mutsuhito

emperor of Japan

Franz Joesph

leader of A-H

Gavrilo Princip

assassinated Ferdinand

polder system

dutch system to reclaim North Sea land

minor ball

conical bullet with great accuracy & stopping power

Percussion cap

• replaced flintlock

• small cap in breech & causes flash which touches off gunpowder

Caravel

hybrid ship of Merchant cog & Mediterranean galley

Demi-Brigade

French rev. infantry reorganization

great trek

Boer invasion of interior S. Africa Z

Suez Canal

passage between E. Meditt. & Red Dead Redemption by Franco-English

Maxim Gun

1st recoil hand gun w/ 600 shots/min

Tokugawa

held shogun position

Schlieffen Plan

• used against France

• Germany attacks F, captures Paris & drives France East (in 6 weeks)

• Germany uses railroad networks to go to A-H & defeat Russians

Ceuta Conquest

• 1st Portugal plan for trade

• Seizes port on N. Africa

Jacques Cartier - Canada visit

explored Newfoundland & mouth of St. Law. claiming he found for France govt

Dutch settle at cape colony

trade between Atlantic and Dutch

French invasion of Egypt

• blocked Britain India short cut via Red Sea

• established French presence