HBS Quiz Covering Sections 4.1.1 to 4.1.5 on the Urinary System

how do your cells react to water?

without water blood pressure drops, cells shrivel, and homeostasis is lost

urinary system

-Cleanses the blood.

-Rids the body of wastes through urine

-Maintains salt and water balance

structures of urinary system

2 kidneys

2 ureters

1 urinary bladder

1 urethra

kidney

-filters blood

-regulates fluid volumes

-produces urine that is transported to bladder via ureters

-made up of nephrons

ureter

-tubes that transport urine from kidney to bladder

-each ureteric orfice into the bladder contains flaps to prevent backflow of urine

bladder

-stores urine

-when empty->sits in pelvic cavity entirely

-when filled->the superior surface domes upward into abdominal cavity

urethra

-tube that carries urine from bladder outside the body

-female: short, male: long

urine

-fluid waste that is secreted by the kidney

nephron

-tubular excretory unit of the kidney

-millions in kidney

-control which substances remain in the blood and filtered out in urine

parts of nephron

-glomerulus

-bowman's capsule

-proximal convoluted tubule

-loop of henle

-distal convoluted tubule

-collecting duct

GFR (glomerular filtration rate)

-the amount of fluid and dissolved substances both kidneys are capable of filtering per minute

tubular reabsorption

the movement of substances from the tubular fluid of nephron back into the blood

tubular secretion

the movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid of nephron

3 steps of urine formation

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

anything that stays in the tubules of the nephron

is urine

sequence of movement of urine

glomerulus->bowmans capsule->PC T->loop of henle->DCT->collecting duct->renal pelvis->ureter->bladder->urethra

the interaction between blood and tubule

help to balance our blood levels

renal artery

unfiltered, oxygenated blood

renal vein

filtered, deoxygenated blood

filtration

-from blood to tube (glomerulus to bowmans capsule)

-non-selective (just filters)

-blood/protein don't get filtered out

reabsorption

-from tube to blood

-selective (reabsorbs based on current levels)

-most water reabsorbed in loop of henle

secretion

-from blood to tube

-selective

-evaluates, maintain the levels at right amount, balance

blood and protein never get filtered out because

to big to diffuse

urine=

filtrate-(reabsorption + secretion)

absorption of glucose

immediately in pct

salt reabsorption

in pct and loop of henle

water reabsorption

in pct and mostly loop of henle

dct job

balance ions that affect pH

3 parts of kidney

-renal cortex

-renal medulla

-renal pelvis

the nephron in relation to kidney

-renal cortex: glomerulus, bowmans capsule, pct, dct, 1/2 collecting duct

-renal medulla: loop of henle, 1/2 collecting duct

-renal pelvis: none

afferent arteriole

brings oxygenated, unfiltered blood to the glomerulus

efferent arteriole

carries blood away from the glomerulus

peritubular capillaries

tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the tube of the nephron

main areas of reabsorption

pct, loop of henle, dct

main areas of secretion

loop of henle, dct, collecting duct

algorithm

a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem

resuscitate

to revive, bring back to consciousness

CKD chronic kidney disease

-kidney damage, loss of function

-cannot filter blood properly

vasodialation

-widening of blood vessel as a result of relaxation of blood vessel's muscular walls

-decreases blood pressure

PKD (polycystic kidney disease)

-inherited disorder (dominant inheritance)

-kidney produces cysts

-cysts obstruct blood flow and urine flow within nephrons

gross/macroscopic examination of urine

-examination to the naked eye

-color and clarity

microscopic examination of urine

-Viewing a specimen under a microscope

-white and red blood cells

Chemical examination of urine

-testing of urine

-pH, specific gravity, protein, glucose, ketones

gestational diabetes

high glucose levels and high specific gravity in urine

proteinuria

high protein in urine

UTI/Kidney infection

high white blood cells in urine

ketoacidosis

low pH and high ketones in urine

diabetes insipidus

low specific gravity in urine

kidney disease/failure

high protein levels and high red blood cells in urine

if a gene is autosomal

resides on a chromosome other than the sex chromosomes

How many chromosomes do humans have?

46 (23 pairs)

a condition that requires one copy of a gene is

dominant

a condition that requires 2 copies of a gene is

recessive

pkd 1

-more complications and require dialysis much earlier

-chromosome 16

pkd 2

-more mild symptoms and experience them later

-chromosome 4

PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

-technique for copying dna

restriction enzymes

-cut up dna at specific sequences (Restriction sights)

pieces of dna that restriction enzymes cut

RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms)

gel electrophoresis

-Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments

-from negative end to positive

large rflps

stay towards top

small rflps

move farther down

renal capsule

renal cortex

renal column

renal medulla

renal medullary pyramids

renal papilla

minor calyx

major calyx

renal pelvis