Lesson 3. Saponins

sapogenins

Saponins

a. aglycones are called the ____________________

b. if the aglycone is toxic, they are called ______________

a = ?

sapotoxin

Saponins

a. aglycones are called the ____________________

b. if the aglycone is toxic, they are called ______________

b = ?

tetracyclic

2 Kinds of Saponins

• Neutral/Steroidal Saponins are a._______ and are present in b.________

• Acidic/Triterpenoid Saponins are c._______ and are present in d.________

a = ?

monocots

2 Kinds of Saponins

• Neutral/Steroidal Saponins are a._______ and are present in b.________

• Acidic/Triterpenoid Saponins are c._______ and are present in d.________

b = ?

pentacyclic

2 Kinds of Saponins

• Neutral/Steroidal Saponins are a._______ and are present in b.________

• Acidic/Triterpenoid Saponins are c._______ and are present in d.________

c = ?

dicots

2 Kinds of Saponins

• Neutral/Steroidal Saponins are a._______ and are present in b.________

• Acidic/Triterpenoid Saponins are c._______ and are present in d.________

d = ?

lipophilic

The Neutral and Acidic Saponins are inherently both a.______________. In the pharmacy industry, saponin act as an b._____________________

a = ?

emulsifying agent and detergent

The Neutral and Acidic Saponins are inherently both a.______________. In the pharmacy industry, saponin act as an b._____________________

b = ?

Foams/lathers in aqueous solution

MAIN PROPERTIES OF SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES:

1. due to the presence of hydrophilic glycone and hydrophobic aglycone

2. can damage the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

3. because they act as emulsifying agents

1 = ?

Hemolyzes red blood cells

MAIN PROPERTIES OF SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES:

1. due to the presence of hydrophilic glycone and hydrophobic aglycone

2. can damage the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

3. because they act as emulsifying agents

2 = ?

Lowers surface tension of solution

MAIN PROPERTIES OF SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES:

1. due to the presence of hydrophilic glycone and hydrophobic aglycone

2. can damage the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

3. because they act as emulsifying agents

3 = ?

barium and lead

OTHER PROPERTIES OF SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

• They form complexes with alkaline earth metal solutions such as a._______________. These form a b._______________ colored complex. To remove the impurities (complexes) of the saponin, precipitate with c._________________.

a = ?

beige to brown

OTHER PROPERTIES OF SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

• They form complexes with alkaline earth metal solutions such as a._______________. These form a b._______________ colored complex. To remove the impurities (complexes) of the saponin, precipitate with c._________________.

b = ?

sodium phosphate

OTHER PROPERTIES OF SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

• They form complexes with alkaline earth metal solutions such as a._______________. These form a b._______________ colored complex. To remove the impurities (complexes) of the saponin, precipitate with c._________________.

c = ?

most toxic

OTHER PROPERTIES OF SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

• One of the ____________ plant principles.

mucus membranes

OTHER PROPERTIES OF SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

• It is irritating to the ___________________________

cold-blooded animals

OTHER PROPERTIES OF SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

• This is toxic to the a.________________ thus it can be used as a b.______________

a = ?

fish poison

OTHER PROPERTIES OF SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

• This is toxic to the a.________________ thus it can be used as a b.______________

b = ?

Froth Test

QUALITATIVE TESTS OF SAPONINS:

• 2ml of the extract is prepared and shaken vigorously for 4 minutes

• Foam/lather formation

Gugo

QUALITATIVE TESTS OF SAPONINS:

Froth Test

• standard for this test

Honeycomb froth persisting for 10 minutes above 2 cm

QUALITATIVE TESTS OF SAPONINS:

Froth Test

a. positive result

b. if the froth is unstable add _______________________ to neutralize the free acids

a = ?

aq Na2CO3

QUALITATIVE TESTS OF SAPONINS:

Froth Test

a. positive result

b. if the froth is unstable add _______________________ to neutralize the free acids

b = ?

Liebermann-Burchard Test

QUALITATIVE TESTS OF SAPONINS:

• general test for cholesterol

acetic anhydride and conc. sulfuric acid

QUALITATIVE TESTS OF SAPONINS:

Liebermann-Burchard Test

• Employs the addition of few drops of _____________________________ to the Chloroform solution of Sterol

blue or green

QUALITATIVE TESTS OF SAPONINS:

Positive Results of Liebermann-Burchard Test

1. for steroidal saponins in monocots

2. for triterpenoidal saponins in dicots

3. saturated sterol or triterpenoid

1 = ?

red, pink, or violet

QUALITATIVE TESTS OF SAPONINS:

Positive Results of Liebermann-Burchard Test

1. for steroidal saponins in monocots

2. for triterpenoidal saponins in dicots

3. saturated sterol or triterpenoid

2 = ?

pale yellow

QUALITATIVE TESTS OF SAPONINS:

Positive Results of Liebermann-Burchard Test

1. for steroidal saponins in monocots

2. for triterpenoidal saponins in dicots

3. saturated sterol or triterpenoid

3 = ?

Dioscorea alata

Dioscorea spiculiflora

Dioscorea floribunda

Yam (Ube)

Scientific Name: ?

Family:

Constituents:

Dioscoreaceae

Yam (Ube)

Scientific Name:

Family: ?

Constituents:

Botogenin and Diosgenin

Yam (Ube)

Scientific Name:

Family:

Constituents: ?

Diosgenin

Yam (Ube) Uses:

• a._______ is used for production b.___________ specifically c._______ as 60% of it are used for its commercial synthesis.

• d._____________ or also known as e._____________ is the best source of steroids

a = ?

corticosteroids

Yam (Ube) Uses:

• a._______ is used for production b.___________ specifically c._______ as 60% of it are used for its commercial synthesis.

• d._____________ or also known as e._____________ is the best source of steroids

b = ?

s ex hormones (cortisone, pregnenolone, and progesterone)

Yam (Ube) Uses:

• a._______ is used for production b.___________ specifically c._______ as 60% of it are used for its commercial synthesis.

• d._____________ or also known as e._____________ is the best source of steroids

c = ?

D. floribunda

Yam (Ube) Uses:

• a._______ is used for production b.___________ specifically c._______ as 60% of it are used for its commercial synthesis.

• d._____________ or also known as e._____________ is the best source of steroids

d = ?

Mexican Yam

Yam (Ube) Uses:

• a._______ is used for production b.___________ specifically c._______ as 60% of it are used for its commercial synthesis.

• d._____________ or also known as e._____________ is the best source of steroids

e = ?

Smilax aristolochiaefolia

Sarsaparilla

Scientific Name:

a. Mexican sarsaparilla: ?

b. Honduras sarsaparilla:

Family:

Constituents:

Smilax regellii

Sarsaparilla

Scientific Name:

a. Mexican sarsaparilla:

b. Honduras sarsaparilla: ?

Family:

Constituents:

Liliaceae

Sarsaparilla

Scientific Name:

a. Mexican sarsaparilla:

b. Honduras sarsaparilla:

Family: ?

Constituents:

Smilagenin, Sarsapogenin, and Parillin

Sarsaparilla

Scientific Name:

a. Mexican sarsaparilla:

b. Honduras sarsaparilla:

Family:

Constituents: ?

syphilis, rheumatism, skin diseases, psoriasis, eczema

Sarsaparilla Uses:

a. claims to be used for:

b. ________ flavorant

a = ?

rootbear

Sarsaparilla Uses:

a. claims to be used for:

b. ________ flavorant

b = ?

rhizomes and roots

Sarsaparilla is obtained from the a._____________________ of the plant with most of its properties attributed to b._________________.

a = ?

steroid content

Sarsaparilla is obtained from the a._____________________ of the plant with most of its properties attributed to b._________________.

b = ?

Panax ginseng

Ginseng

Scientific Name:

Asian Ginseng: ?

American Ginseng:

Family:

Constituents:

Panax quinquefolius

Ginseng

Scientific Name:

Asian Ginseng:

American Ginseng: ?

Family:

Constituents:

Araliaceae

Ginseng

Scientific Name:

Asian Ginseng:

American Ginseng:

Family: ?

Constituents:

Ginsenosides, Panaxosides, Chikusetsu Saponins

Ginseng

Scientific Name:

Asian Ginseng:

American Ginseng:

Family:

Constituents: ?

Aphrodisiac

Uses of Ginseng:

a. used as an __________ to treat sexual impotence

b. _____________ for the resistance of stress

c. treatment of _____________________

a = ?

adaptogen

Uses of Ginseng:

a. used as an __________ to treat sexual impotence

b. _____________ for the resistance of stress

c. treatment of _____________________

b = ?

anemia, diabetes, and gastritis

Uses of Ginseng:

a. used as an __________ to treat sexual impotence

b. _____________ for the resistance of stress

c. treatment of _____________________

c = ?

Chamomile

The Ginseng of Europe is known as a.__________, scientifically known as b._____________

a = ?

Matricaria chamomila

The Ginseng of Europe is known as a.__________, scientifically known as b._____________

b = ?

Chinese Traditional Medicine

Ginseng

• It is used in a.________________________ which is known to promote b._____________________.

• It is also called c.__________________ because it can almost cure all human diseases.

• Very expensive because it requires d._______ to germinate and e._______ to mature

a = ?

vitality and prolonged life

Ginseng

• It is used in a.________________________ which is known to promote b._____________________.

• It is also called c.__________________ because it can almost cure all human diseases.

• Very expensive because it requires d._______ to germinate and e._______ to mature

b = ?

Man-Root

Ginseng

• It is used in a.________________________ which is known to promote b._____________________.

• It is also called c.__________________ because it can almost cure all human diseases.

• Very expensive because it requires d._______ to germinate and e._______ to mature

c = ?

2 years

Ginseng

• It is used in a.________________________ which is known to promote b._____________________.

• It is also called c.__________________ because it can almost cure all human diseases.

• Very expensive because it requires d._______ to germinate and e._______ to mature

d = ?

6 years

Ginseng

• It is used in a.________________________ which is known to promote b._____________________.

• It is also called c.__________________ because it can almost cure all human diseases.

• Very expensive because it requires d._______ to germinate and e._______ to mature

e = ?

Structure of Liquorice (Glycyyrhizic acid)

Structure of D-glucuronic acid

Structure of Glycyrrhetic Acid

Glycyrrhiza glabara

Liquorice

Scientific Name: ?

Russian variation:

Persian variation:

Family:

Constituents:

var. glandulifera

Liquorice

Scientific Name:

Russian variation: ?

Persian variation:

Family:

Constituents:

var. B-violacea

Liquorice

Scientific Name:

Russian variation:

Persian variation: ?

Family:

Constituents:

Fabaceae

Liquorice

Scientific Name:

Russian variation:

Persian variation:

Family: ?

Constituents:

Glycyyrhizic acid Glycyrrhyzin (Glucuronic Acid + Glycyrrhetic Acid)

Liquorice

Scientific Name:

Russian variation:

Persian variation:

Family:

Constituents: ?

expectorant

Liquorice Uses:

a. general use

b. ________ agent

c. masks the taste of ______________ by paralyzing the taste buds

d. increases the ___________________

e. Glycyrrhetic Acid is used as an:

1. general use

2. treatment of

a = ?

flavoring

Liquorice Uses:

a. general use

b. ________ agent

c. masks the taste of ______________ by paralyzing the taste buds

d. increases the ___________________

e. Glycyrrhetic Acid is used as an:

1. general use

2. treatment of

b = ?

bitter drugs

Liquorice Uses:

a. general use

b. ________ agent

c. masks the taste of ______________ by paralyzing the taste buds

d. increases the ___________________

e. Glycyrrhetic Acid is used as an:

1. general use

2. treatment of

c = ?

foaminess of beer

Liquorice Uses:

a. general use

b. ________ agent

c. masks the taste of ______________ by paralyzing the taste buds

d. increases the ___________________

e. Glycyrrhetic Acid is used as an:

1. general use

2. treatment of

d = ?

anti-inflammatory

Liquorice Uses:

a. general use

b. ________ agent

c. masks the taste of ______________ by paralyzing the taste buds

d. increases the ___________________

e. Glycyrrhetic Acid is used as an:

1. general use

2. treatment of

e.1. = ?

Peptic Ulcer Disease and Addison’s Disease

Liquorice Uses:

a. general use

b. ________ agent

c. masks the taste of ______________ by paralyzing the taste buds

d. increases the ___________________

e. Glycyrrhetic Acid is used as an:

1. general use

2. treatment of

e.2. = ?

Hypertension

Liquorice should be used in caution in people with a._______ as it causes b._________________________.

a = ?

fluid/Na retention, reduces K

Liquorice should be used in caution in people with a._______ as it causes b._________________________.

b = ?

Gugo Bark

Quillaja/Soap Bark

Synonym: ?

Scientific Name:

Family:

Constituent:

Entada phaseoloides

Quillaja/Soap Bark

Synonym:

Scientific Name: ?

Family:

Constituent:

Fabaceae

Quillaja/Soap Bark

Synonym:

Scientific Name:

Family: ?

Constituent:

Quilaja Saponaria

Quillaja/Soap Bark

Synonym:

Scientific Name:

Family:

Constituent: ?

detergent and emulsifier

Quillaja/Soap Bark Uses:

a. general uses

b. __________________ in softdrinks

c. used during __________________

a = ?

foaming agents

Quillaja/Soap Bark Uses:

a. general uses

b. __________________ in softdrinks

c. used during __________________

b = ?

historical times

Quillaja/Soap Bark Uses:

a. general uses

b. __________________ in softdrinks

c. used during __________________

c = ?