AP World Unit 3

Sea Based Empires 1450-1700

Developed a navy, invested in exploration, and established colonies newly discovered or conquered lands.

Land Based Empires 1450-1700

Developed armies, expanded territory, invested in domestic expansion without developing strong navies and colonies, and in some cases, practiced isolationist policies.

What is the age after 1450 commonly called due to the use of gunpowder?

Age of Gunpowder Empires

What did the Age of Gunpowder Empires use to subjugate enemies?

Gunpowder

What did land-based empires continue to rely on during the Age of Gunpowder?

Armies, roads, and inland urban areas

What were the Gunpowder Empires

The Ottoman, Safavid, and the Mughal Empires:

GUNPOWDER EMPIRES: Ottoman, Safavid, and the Mughal Empires

Islamic

Represent the height of Muslim political and military power in world history

Countered the growing European global influence

All three on decline by 1750: sea-based powers were still on the rise

Were not competing for overseas territories like the European

What was the origin of the Ottoman Empire?

Began as a small Turkic warrior group that slowly migrated into Anatolia (modern-day Turkey)

When did the Ottoman Empire last?

From the 14th to the early 20th century

What significant territory did the Ottomans conquer in eastern Europe?

They successfully conquered territory in eastern Europe but were stopped at the gates of Vienna

How would you describe the diversity of the Ottoman Empire?

It was very diverse, culturally and politically

What was the status of the Ottoman Empire during its height?

One of the most powerful empires of the time

The Rise of the Ottomans

Ottomans captured Constantinople in 1453

Ended the Christiian Byzantine Empire

Hagra Sophia Seame a Mosque

Reached its eight under Suleiman the Magnificent

Conquered Belgrade

Controlled the water traffic between the Black and Mediterranean Seas

Ottoman sultans had large bureaucracies centered in Istanbul

How were women treated in the Ottoman Empire?

Trukc women had more rights then Islam and were then veiled and secluded

How did women play a role in the royal court?

Women in the royal court protect legal rights in matters of marriage, divorce, and inheritance

What is the Millet System?

Legal system put in place to protect the rights of religious minorities ("The People of The Book")

How was the Millet System used in the Ottoman Empire?

Manage cultural diversity

Why were religious leaders the focal point of communications between the states in the Ottoman Empire?

Different religious communities in the empire had the freedom to select their religious leaders, organize their own schools and courts

Whohad topay the Jizya Tax?

Non-Abrahamic religion or non-Othedox Muslims

What is the Devshrime System?

System of enslavement, where Christian boys from conquered Christian territories (mostly from the Balkans) were taken from their families at the age of 6

In the Devshrime System, what religion were the young boys forced to covert too?

To convert to Islam and trained for a position within the Ottoman government Military

What is the Janissary Corps?

Elite military corps

Given guns and heavy artillery ( too heavy for cavalry)

Came to control the weapons than ensured te Ottomans continuing military service

Gave them political and economic power

Ottoman Empire: Cultural and Social Characteristics

Build mosques to legitimize their power

Majority Sunni Muslim

Istanbul was Cosmopolitan

Invented Religious Scholars, Artists, Poets and Architects

What insulated the Ottoman Empire from new cultural and technological developments in Europe?

Conservative religious beliefs in the empire

What was the nickname given to the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century?

The Sick Man of Europe

What prevented the Ottomans from adopting Western technology and ideas?

Conservative religious beliefs

What groups did the Safavids grow from?

Turkish nomadic groups

What branch of Islam did the Safavids follow?

Shi'ite Muslims

Who did the Safavids believe were the true heirs of Islam?

The descendants of Ali

Who led the army that united large areas south of the Caspian Sea for the Safavids?

Ismail

With which empire did the Safavids come into conflict as they expanded?

The Ottomans

What intensified the hostilities between the Safavids and the Ottomans?

The Shi'ite-Sunni split

Why did the Ottomans win against the Safavids in their conflicts?

Because they had guns and the Janissaries

How long did the Safavids continue to fight the Ottomans after their initial conflicts?

For two centuries

Who was the Safavid leader during the peak of their power?

Shah Abbas I

What did Shah Abbas I do with boys captured in Russia?

Educated them to be soldiers and converted them to Islam

What type of soldiers were the slave infantrymen trained to use firearms in the Safavid army?

Ghulams

What was one effect of Shah Abbas I's military reforms?

Increased power at the expense of traditional soldiers

Who did Shah Abbas I bring in to assist in wars with the Ottomans?

European advisors

How are the Safavids Politics?

Safavid rulers based authority military power and religious authority

Expansion seen as extension of Islam to new lands

Saw the Europeans as infidels

What is a Infidel?

a person who does not believe in religion

Who did early Turkish Chiefs challenged?

Shahs (kings)

What was early Safavid social life like?

Turkish Chiefs challenged early Shahs (king)

Chiefs gradually transformed into warrior elites (similar to cavalry elite in Ottoman Empire)

Supervised farms, asserted political power, captured powerful positions in the imperial bureaucracy

Shahs Appointed Persians to fill other bureaucracy positions

Gave authority to slave infantrymen

Not cosmopolitan

Armenians kept in suburbs across river; most people in city were Shi'ite

Majority of people lived in rural areas, farming

Nomadic groups

How were the economics in the Safavids?

Shahs supported trade

Isfahan (capital) major centers of international trade

Networks of road and workshops to manufacture textiles and rugs

Also negatively impacted by inflation caused by flood of silver

What two cultures created the Safavid culture?

Mixture of Turkish and Persian

Iranians scholars more likely to use Persian

In other Islamic lands more likely to read and write Arabic

How was the safavid Architecture?

Mosques in Islamic World relied on domes

Safavid domes decorated in brightly colored floral patterns that resemble Persian carpets

How did the Safavids spread their religion

Blended Sufi Mysticism with militant political objectives

Ismal deployed armies to spread Shi'ism with emphasis on mystic union with God

WHen did the Safavids collapse>

1720

In 1450 who controlled most of India?

Delhi Sultanate

Who founded the Mughal Empire

Babur (a king) in 1523

Why did Babur invade India?

Loss of ancestral homeland through inter-tribal warfare

Dreams of living up to reputation of ancestors

Who helped the Mughal Empire reach its height in power?

Emporer Akbar, Baburs grandson

Autocratic

System of government where a sole leader (king, monarch, etc.) controls all aspects or the government ( like Ottoman and Safavids)

What was the Mughal military like?

Power based on Military might and religious authority

No navy, relied on army ( like Safavids)

The Mughal Empire was religouly diverse because...

Policy of cooperation and encouraged intermarriage

Abolished Jizya

Ended ban on the building of new HIndu temples

Ordered Muslims to respect cows

Built strong bureaucracy modeled on a Military hierarchy for collecting taxes

Unified the subcontinent for the first time since the Gupta

The Mughal empire had a Patiarchal which is...

a social system in which positions of authority are primarily held by men

How were women treaated in the Mughal Empire

Status of women overall low in Indian society

Child marriage common (brides as young as nine)

Sati spread even though outlawed

Akbar tried to reconcile conflicts with...

Divine Faith- syncretic religion (one that blends two or more different religious belief systems, creating a new, hybrid faith)

Why were there always Religious conflicts in society?

The Mughal empire was very diverse

Akbar combined Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, Christian, and Sikh beliefs

Wanted to unite under one realm and cement loyalty to the emperor

Didn't catch on

Who is Nanak (1469-1539)

A Guru of new religions called Sikhism; combines Islams and Hinduism it is also Monotheistic.

Who was Jahangir and Shah Jahan?

They were the 4th and 5th empirers of the Mughal empire.

Why did Jahangir and Shah Jahan care less about military strength?

They cared more about patrons of the art and promoted painting of miniatures depicting life at court, battles, animals, and plants

Why didAurandseb, the empirer after Jahangir and Shah Jahan, conquered more land?

To try and restore the empire but also to rid India of Hinduism; stirred up resentment

Conquered more land was expensive and left the Empire brook

Europeans took advantage

Dutch, British and French joint-stock companies eagerly sought to expand trade in india

What was the social organization in Feudal Japan

Social Hierarchy influenced by Confucianism

Ruling elites included

Shogun, Daimyos, Samurai

Middle Class

Peasants and artisans

Merchants at bottom even though they were very wealth

Samurai left with nothing to do in time of Peace

Strict Social hierarchy prevented samurai from other professions; many fell into debt

What was the Tokugawa Shogunate?

In 1600c Tokugawa leyasu established a military government known as the Tokugawa Shogunate and ended the period of civil war

Also called Tokugawa bakufu; tent government

Implied that it was a temporary replacement for the emperor (it wasn't)

What was the goal of the Tokugawa Shogunate?

To retain order and power by controlling the daimyo-powerful territorial lords their vast landholdings

Daimyos had to spend every other year at Tokugawa court (a way to keep their power in check)

Because of Daimyos spending every other year in the Tokugawa court this...

Weakened daimyos in two ways

Expensive because they had to maintain two households

Daimyos absence from lands impaired ability to establish power base at home

Europeans in Japan:

European traders and Jesuit missionaries arrived in decentralized Japan

Rapid growth of Christianity

Tokugawa didn't like that so he...

Expelled missionaries

Closed all ports except one for the Dutch

During Japans isolation Europe grew and industrialized

What were some economic changes in Japan during this time?

Political unification encouraged economic growth

Affected population growth by birth control, late marriage, abortion, and infactide

Growth rooted in agriculture

What factors lead o the fall of the Yuan Dynatsy?

1340s fight among Mongol Princes broke out

In 1368 a charismatic Chinese leader (Zhu Yuanzhang) also known as the Hongwu Emperor destroyed the Yuan.

What years did the Ming Dynasty rule China?

1368-1644

What impact did Mongol rule have on Chinese culture before the Ming Dynasty?

Chinese culture and civilization had been disrupted by a century of Mongol rule.

What major epidemic reduced the population before the Ming Dynasty?

The Plague

What was a key focus of the early Ming Dynasty?

Efforts to eliminate all signs of foreign rule.

Which philosophy was revived during the Ming Dynasty?

Confucianism

Why did the Ming Dynasty move the capital to Beijing?

To be closer to the Great Wall of China.

What significant architectural project was built during the Ming Dynasty?

The Forbidden City

What examination system was reestablished in China?

The Civil Service examination system

What type of government was created in China?

A highly centralized government

What was restored to cultivation in China?

Millions of acres of land

What infrastructure projects were built in China?

Canals, reservoirs, and irrigation works

How many trees were planted to reforest China?

A billion trees

Under which emperor did the Chinese economy rebound?

Emperor Yongle

What flourished in China under Emperor Yongle?

International and domestic trade

What was the result of the economic rebound in China?

Population growth

How was China characterized in terms of governance and prosperity?

The best-governed and most prosperous of the world's major civilizations

Porcelain in the Ming

One of the best-known product of the Ming Dynasty

Created 'Ming ware' a blue-on-white style developed in the 1400s from INdia, Central Asian, and MIssle Eastern Motifs

Also known for: Furniture, lacquered screens, and silk

What major presence did Chinese sailors and traders have since the 11th century?

They were a major presence in the South China Sea and in Southeast Asian port cities.

Who launched an enormous fleet in 1450?

Emperor Yongle.

How many expeditions did Zheng He's fleet participate in over 28 years?

Seven expeditions.

What was the purpose of Zheng He's expeditions?

To enroll distant people into the Chinese tribute system.

What did the tribute system involve for distant peoples?

Presenting tribute, performing rituals of submission, and receiving gifts, titles, and trading opportunities in return.

Which regions did Zheng He's expeditions visit?

Southeast Asia, Indonesia, India, Arabia, and East Africa.

How were Zheng He's expeditions officially described?

'Bringing Order to the World.'

What did Zheng He's expeditions establish in the Indian Ocean?

Chinese power and prestige.

What legacy did Zheng He's expeditions contribute to in terms of foreign policy?

Utilizing the Tribute System.

Dhow Ship

Arabic ship Moderate-sized ships used in the western India ocean

Cravel Ship

Small progressed sailing ship- easily maneuverable, could use square or lateen sails

Junk Ship

Chinese (Tang, Song, Ming) transport/trade ship designed for long distance commercial trade.

What factors led to the end Min Dynasty?

After 1433 Chinese authorities stopped the expedition because...

Death of Emperor Yongle who had been the patron of the enterprise

HIgh-ranking officials viewed voyages as a waste of resources

China viewed itself as being self-sufficient, requiring little help or assistance from the outside world (Becomes Isolationary)

Saw expeditions as the hobby of eunuchs, whose government officials despised